Percy Shelley and His Use of Romantic Elements Essay -- Literary Analy

Sentimentalism, a scholarly and social development during the late eighteenth to nineteenth century that followed the Age of Enlightenment, could be portrayed as a resistance to the social and political standards of the distinguished society. Merriam-Webster characterizes Romanticism as â€Å"a abstract, masterful, and philosophical development starting in the eighteenth century, described essentially by a response against neoclassicism and an accentuation on the creative mind and feelings (Romanticism)†. History specialists in many cases have reflected upon the cognizant dismissal of ordinary cultural habits as a quality of youthful artists (Spielvogel 657). As opposed to the rationalistic way to deal with felt that was commonplace of the Age of Enlightenment, Romantic writing centered upon human feeling, opportunity of thought, independence, self-reflection and the reverence of the conventional. Sentimental verse additionally filled in as an approach to communicate one of th e premier â€Å"characteristics of Romanticism: love of nature† (Spielvogel 658.) Intuition, free articulation of feeling and thought, an arrival to the holy association with nature and the confidence in the decency of mankind were all basic components inside a significant part of the writing of this time. Percy Bysshe Shelley, a great case of a Romantic artist, contributed tremendously to the heritage of Romanticism. Basic essayist Tel Asiado states, â€Å"[h]is sonnets over stream with extraordinary enthusiastic and radical ideas† (Asiado). During Shelley’s life, he made numerous great works out of verse that were portrayed by the opportunity of thought, human feeling, independence, reflection on the past, musings on humankind and dynamic intensity of nature. Despite the fact that Matthew Arnold named him an insufficient blessed messenger, twentieth century pundits have taken Shelley s... ...tions of Literature. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat, 1965. Print. Hesse, Hermann, Egon Schwarz, and Ingrid Fry. Siddhartha, Demian, and Other Writings. New York: Continuum, 1992. Print. Mazzeno, Laurence W. Tribute To The West Wind. Masterplots II: Poetry, Revised Edition (2002): 1-2. MagillOnLiterature Plus. Web. 21 Apr. 2012. McLean, John L. Percy Bysshe Shelley. Magill’S Survey Of World Literature, Revised Edition (2009): 1-7. MagillOnLiterature Plus. Web. 21 Apr. 2012. Note On Poems Of 1818, By Mrs. Shelley. [Notes...by Mary Shelley]. Web. 17 Apr. 2012. . Raymer, John. Tribute To The West Wind. Masterplots, Fourth Edition (2010): 1-2. MagillOnLiterature Plus. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. Spielvogel, Jackson J. Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume 2. Seventh ed. Vol. 2. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print.

Cures and Strategies for Senioritis

Fixes and Strategies for Senioritis You may have first experienced senioritis that peculiar funk and unresponsiveness you feel your senior year, where everything you can consider is escaping school in secondary school. Senioritis in school, be that as it may, can be similarly as terrible, if not more regrettable. Also, the results can be increasingly lasting and serious. Luckily, there are a few different ways you can vanquish your senioritis and transform your senior year of school into one of extraordinary fun and incredible recollections. Take a Class Just for Fun Your first year or two, you were most likely taking your prereqs. At that point you concentrated on taking classes in your major. In the event that you have the opportunity in your timetable, have a go at taking a class for no particular reason. It very well may be on a theme you constantly needed to study (Modernist Poetry?) or something you think will help you in your post-school life (Marketing 101?). Simply go for a class that interests to you since its intriguing, not on account of what it can add to your effectively thorough courseload. Let your brain appreciate the class for what it is, not on the grounds that you must be there. Take a Class Pass/Fail This alternative is frequently underused by numerous understudies. On the off chance that you take a class pass/come up short, you can loosen up a piece on your evaluation. You can concentrate on different things and decrease a tad of weight on yourself. Converse with your educator, your consultant, as well as the enlistment center about what your alternatives are. Accomplish Something in the Arts Did you generally need to figure out how to paint? Play the flute? Learn present day move? Let yourself binge spend a little and enjoy a craving youve kept covered as of recently. All things considered, after you graduate, taking fun classes like these will be substantially more troublesome. Letting yourself accomplish something for no particular reason, and in light of the fact that it satisfies an imaginative want, can be fantastically fulfilling and an extraordinary solution for the weariness and schedule that may be originating from your different classes. Accomplish Something Off Campus Odds are youve been in a little air pocket on your grounds for quite a while. Look past the grounds dividers and perceive how you can help the encompassing network a bit. Would you be able to chip in a womens cover? Help at a destitute association? Pass out food to the hungry on Sundays? Offering back to the network can truly assist you with picking up your viewpoint, will help improve the network around you, and can re-invigorate your psyche and heart. Moreover, getting off grounds at any rate once seven days can do your body great. Challenge Yourself to Try Something New Every Week Odds are, youre feeling unconcerned and experiencing senioritis on the grounds that your life is exceptionally normal. Luckily, youre on a grounds where new and energizing things are going on constantly. Challenge yourself and a few companions, on the off chance that you can to give something new consistently a shot grounds. Go to a social supper for a sort of food youve never attempted. Go tune in to a speaker discussing a subject you could become familiar with somewhat more about. Go to a film screening for a film you may have in any case passed on. Make a New College Memory Every Week Glance back at your time in school. Without a doubt, the things youve learned and your in-class training has been significant. Be that as it may, similarly as significant can be the recollections youve made with others en route. Mean to pack the greatest number possible your senior year. Attempt new things, get a few companions, and see what recollections you can make with one another. Take a Mini-excursions with Your Friends or Romantic Partner Youre in school now and basically (if not really) an autonomous grown-up. You can lease a lodging, travel all alone, and go where you need to goâ when you need to go there. So book a small get-away with certain companions or with your sentimental accomplice. It doesnt must be far, yet it ought to be enjoyable. Getaway for the end of the week and let yourself appreciate life away from school for a couple of days. Regardless of whether youre tight on cash, there are huge amounts of understudy travel limits you can use en route. Accomplish Something Physically Active Feeling indifferent can show itself truly. Challenge yourself to accomplish something physical, similar to take an activity class at the grounds rec center or join an intramural games group. Youll improve your physical wellbeing, have the option to work your worry and increment your vitality. (Also, obviously, that youll tone up and feel progressively certain!) Tutor a First-year Student It very well may be simple, during your senior year, to overlook all that youve realized and what it resembled as another understudy nearby. Also, it very well may be anything but difficult to overlook that you are so blessed to endure not every person who begins their first year makes it entirely through to their senior year. Consider tutoring a first-year understudy in a nearby coaching program. Youll recapture some point of view, acknowledge how wealthy you have it, and help another person out en route. Start a Freelance Business Online The news is loaded with little new companies that start in school living arrangement corridors all over. Consider what abilities you have, what youre great at, and what you like to do. Setting up a site that promotes your administrations is simple and doesnt cost a lot of cash. Youll gain vitality as you center around another task, perhaps win some additional money, and get some understanding (if not customers) that you can use after you graduate.

SIPA 2013 Graduation COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA 2013 Graduation COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Its a very exciting time of year again. People from around the world arrive on the Columbia University campus this week to celebrate with their friends and family at Commencement. President Lee C. Bollinger will give the University Commencement address on Wednesday, May 22nd.   Each individual school will also feature a commencement speaker at their graduation ceremonies. SIPA will feature George Stephanopoulos, CC82 as the 2013 graduation speaker on Thursday, May 23.   He served as a political advisor and taught at Columbia SIPA after leaving the Clinton Administration in 1996. Today Stephanopoulos is best known as a co-anchor of Good Morning America, host of This Week with George Stephanopoulos and chief political correspondent and co-anchor of special events for the ABC network. You may watch the SIPA graduation live on Thursday starting at 10:45 am EDT.

Ne vs Chesapeake Dbq - 884 Words

Indeed, New England and the Chesapeake regions both had settlers of English descent; by the 1700s the developments of these sodalities had sculptured them into two distinct societies. The premier reason for the differentiation of the evolvement was primarily due to the motives for the foundations of these regions. The Virginia Company of London received a charter from King James I of England to establish Jamestown in 1607 in the New World as a profit-making venture. Like most joint stock companies, the Virginia Company was designed to last for a few years dedicated to the proposition that all stockholders should receive dividends adequate for their investments. Conversely, New Englands motives for its foundation arose for religious†¦show more content†¦became a royal colony directly under his control. In contrast, The New Englanders took political interests in account in they way from England when they prepared the Mayflower Compact. The pact eventually led to the patriarch al society assembling to make their own laws in open-discussions in town meetings and general court. Unlike, the Chesapeake, the New Englanders were fortunate to have leaders like William Bradford to emerge as Governor and enforce Gods biblical laws and Christian values to make the theocratic government successful. Lastly the developments of the communities themselves contrasted greatly. In the Chesapeake region expansion of the settlement was somewhat random and was usually undertaken by lone tidewater planters on their own imitative, but the New England society grew in a more orderly fashion. New towns emerged and the distribution of land was under the steady authority of proprietors. New Englanders followed their benevolent Christian ways and shared fields to prevent a wide gap in the social structure. Social reciprocity allowed mutual interchanges of favors and privileges between neighbors keep the settlers content with their way of life. Differing from the New Englander, the Ch esapeake community had a wide gap in social classes. There was an accumulating mass of poor men who grew

Notes On Crime Rates And Juvenile Delinquency - 3087 Words

Jennifer Garcia Okamoto, Burnett Economy, English 12 Period 3, 5 November 24, 2014 Put Yourself in My Logic Clearwater police say that crime rates vary year to year and location to location. Throughout the past years crime rates have increased and decreased depending on the area we live in. This includes misdemeanor crimes such as small school fights or vandalizing textbooks. Lots of countries decide to deal with this issue with death penalties instead of doing something less drastic. I do not agree with such drastic measures, though. In order to lower crime rates, juvenile delinquents should be charged as adults when committing a crime unless the crime is a misdemeanor crime. Not a lot of of juvenile delinquents know that only forty percent of juveniles must request their records to be closed after they after they have paid off their sentence. Wall Street Journal writer Steve Jones states in his article â€Å"For More Teens, Arrests Replace School Discipline† that only about forty percent of juvenile delinquents request their records to be removed from publ ic offices so their information can not be seen by anyone. Therefore if juveniles do not remove their records from public offices it is possible that almost anyone can see their personal information online. This means that juveniles records are more safe and private if they ask for their records to be removed from any sources that are being shared. In addition, unlike other countries the U.S. is one of the fewShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Social Class and Delinquency Essays1498 Words   |  6 Pagespreconceived notions regarding the relationship between social class and delinquency. A common assumption is that lower-class juveniles are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior than their higher-class counterparts. Criminologists have performed a large number of studies examining the socio-demographic characteristics of delinquents, which often yielded contradictory results. When analyzing the extent and trend of juvenile delinquency in the United States conclusions can be drawn from estimates derivedRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And Child Welfare Agencies Across The United States1271 Words   |  6 Pagesworld, juvenile offenders are of particular concern. In 2014 alone it is estimated that over one million juveniles were arrested in America (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention). According to the National Institute of Justice, juveniles who begin a life of delinquency early are more likely to continue that trend into adulthood, and that once they enter the adult criminal justice system; they are more likely to become worse in their criminal conduct. While most juveniles are likelyRead MoreThe Impact of Gender and Family on Juvenile Delinquency in the United States888 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile delinquency is of great concern in the United States. In 2007 over 2 million arrests were juveniles. There are two types of juvenile delinquency. The first type of offense is a behavior that would be a criminal violation for an adult . The other offense is called a â€Å"status† offense. Status offenses are delinquent actions that do not apply to adults, like running away and truancy. This paper will discuss the impact of gender and family on delinquency and the treatment by gender in the juvenileRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And Modern Society1226 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile Delinquency in Modern Society Juvenile offending is a concern in society today. Juveniles account for approximately 19% of the population but are responsible for 29% of criminal arrests (Cottle, Lee, Heilbrun, 2001). Crime overall has been found to be decreasing throughout the last two decades. The issue is that the rate in which adult crime is decreasing is significantly greater than the rate in which juvenile crime is decreasing. Since the rate of juvenile crime is so high, juvenileRead More Juvenile Crime Essay example975 Words   |  4 Pages Juvenile Crime Introduction nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Every year, millions of juveniles are involved in criminal activities. According to statistics, as of 1999, the arrest rate for juvenile crime has dropped from its peak in the mid-1990’s. Statistics about juvenile crime have shown a steady increase of juvenile arrests from 1987 to 1994. Although overall crime rates have decreased since 1994, they are still above what they were in 1980. The following paragraphs and charts show the crime ratesRead MoreFor All We Think We Know About Crime There Is Still Much1085 Words   |  5 PagesFor all we think we know about crime there is still much we do not. Where we find crime, we find motives and this leads to the action of committing the crime. An area that we can look at in sociology that helps explain this idea is the knowledge of control theory. This theory helps uncover what processes or environments lead to a life of criminal acts while at the same time it allows for a chance to learn about our world from a social perspective. It will be important to investigate what in factRead MoreEssay on Rise of Females in the Juvenile Justice System761 Words   |  4 PagesFemales are increasingly becoming more active in the juvenile justice system and this is said to be happening at alarming rates. It is important to learn more about why and how girls commit crimes so that we may also attempt intervention in an effective manner to prevent potential offenders and rehabilitate the girls who have already committed offenses. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention has produced a report that includes a review of how these girls are getting into theseRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Essay examples1216 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile Delinquency I. The harsh beginnings. Children were viewed as non-persons until the 1700s. They did not receive special treatment or recognition. Discipline then is what we now call abuse. There were some major assumptions about life before the 1700s. The first assumption is that life was hard, and you had to be hard to survive. The people of that time in history did not have the conveniences that we take for granted. For example, the medical practices of that day were primitive inRead MoreThe High Incarceration Rate Of Juveniles1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe high incarceration rate of juveniles is a significant social problem that affects society as a whole as well as the youth’s individual welfare and developmental trajectory. Adolescents who are incarcerated in the juvenile justice system face a multitude of negative lifelong implications. The history of incarcerating youth in residential facilities such as juvenile halls, camps, ranches or group homes as a consequence for committing crimes has a deep-rooted history in the United States. â€Å"For moreRead MoreThe Labeling Theory For Juvenile Delinquency1577 Words   |  7 Pagescommit more crime. Rather than analyzing the occurrence of crimes among social groups, the labeling theory challenge us to truly understand deviants and what it means to be categorized as a deviant individual. Unlike the control theories that assumes all of us must be held in check or â€Å"controlled† if we are to resist the temptation to commit criminal or delinquency acts, this paper will dissect some important contributions the labeling theory has made to the study of juvenile delinquency (pg.107).

Best Sample Size for Dissertations Free Essays

Survey is now a basic tool in social sciences and in some fields of specialization which reliance is from the sampling procedures. Little or unacceptable knowledge will be gained if the sample size is poorly designed and executed: no matter how good the questions are and no matter how impressive the analysis is (Kalton, 1987, p. 4). We will write a custom essay sample on Best Sample Size for Dissertations or any similar topic only for you Order Now The important question of how to determine the size of the sample is vital for estimating the parameters (Singh and Chaudhary, 1986, p. 38). Our common sense would suggest that a large sample size will be better than a small one since an increase in sample size will decrease the sampling error. This is not always the case because, for example, having a large sample size with a sampling frame with very similar types of respondents will just be a waste of time. Determining the best sample size will thus depend on the compromise of practical constraints (i. e. money, time, ethical issues) and theoretical considerations. For the simplicity of analysis, given that there are no practical constraints, the following are the rule of thumb: 1. ) If the population is about 50 or less, it is best to sample the whole population; 2. If you have to sample a population of 50 or more, then try to sample around 30 and 3. ) If you will be using stratified sampling, aim to have at least five sampling units from each stratum or category (White, 2002, p. 65-66). With the load of work dissertation requires researchers can not help but to consider the practical constraints. The credibility of the study can thus be sacrificed so it must be the goal of the researcher to find ways to maintain credibi lity while considering constraints. Researcher bias is another issue that may hinder the determination and use of sample size because unless it is a purposive sampling, samples should represent the whole population as much as possible. For example, a bias researcher will decide a sample size that is easy for him to gather and that is fit for his/her desired results. There can never be a perfect or right sample size but there is always a best sample size depending on the nature of your study and on the given population. How to cite Best Sample Size for Dissertations, Essays

The Importance of Roland Barthes on Cultural Studies Essay Example

The Importance of Roland Barthes on Cultural Studies Essay The importance of Roland Barthes on Cultural Studies, his theory of semiotics and applying it to contemporary images of Northern Thailand. The Abstract This report will investigate the importance of Roland Barthes and his relevance to the field of Cultural Studies. It will focus on his theoretical writings about contemporary myths in Mythologies and upon photographic images in Image/Music/Text to understand and interpret contemporary images of Northern Thailand, specifically those of Hill Tribes in the form of postcards and promotional material targeted to a tourist readership. It will analyse the system of signification present in that material and discuss differing interpretations depending upon various levels of reader knowledge. The Writer, the Text, and the Reader Barthes extended and developed the field of semiotics, the formal study of symbols and signs, taking inspiration from Saussure’s theory of the linguistic sign as the basis for understanding the structure of social and cultural life (Lechte, 1995: 123-124). His main theoretical argument is that we as innocent consumers / readers are given many signifiers  (forms)  which ultimately narrow down to one signified (concept)  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ encouraging one to see culture as unified, which in turn ignores history and actual lived situations. Barthes focuses on how contemporary myths, or cultural artefacts and events, are all forms of communication, creating a particular meaning through a system of signs. Myths in this sense are messages and as Barthes puts it ‘anything can be a myth as long as it is conveyed by a discourse’ (Barthes, 1972:109). We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Roland Barthes on Cultural Studies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Roland Barthes on Cultural Studies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Roland Barthes on Cultural Studies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He was eager to point out however, that the system of myths is different from language as a system of signs in the way that myths are motivated with an intention to persuade the reader. Barthes maintains that contemporary myths are meta-languages, leveraging Saussure’s linguistic system as their foundation. (Barthes 1972: 115). In Image/Music/Text, Barthes defines three aspects of a ‘message’: the writer, the text, and the reader. These three aspects correspond to what Barthes had defined earlier in â€Å"Myth Today† as the producer, the analyser, and the reader. However, as will be demonstrated later in this essay, the readership is complicated by various positions that can be taken up depending upon previous knowledge and/or cultural situation. 1. First there is the Producer of the myths, the ‘writer’ of the text. The Producer creates a certain concept that he fills with chosen signifiers which in turn are repeatedly communicated to his target audience. This careful practice could be seen as a manipulator of the system of signs. 2. Second is the Analyser of myths. The analyser or mythologist understands and examines the distortions created and is able to decode the messages being created by the Producer. In â€Å"From Work to Text†, Barthes makes a distinction between the ‘work’ and the ‘text’. The work is the material, tangible expression of the producer. The text, on the other hand, is a field of methodology, the network of meanings created by the analyzer in the activity of creating meaning. As Barthes comments: â€Å"the work can be held in the hand, the text is held in language† (Barthes, 1971: 157). The Analyser engages with the text as a signifying system. . The last is the Innocent Reader or consumer of the myth. This reader takes what is given and consumes it as a ‘natural’ concept, without question. If this process is successful – if the writer/producer is skilful – this reader becomes the target audience. Through  myths as signifying systems,  we are directed by the writer/  producer  to accept this constructed reality as ‘natural’, beyond question. These producers  want to elide analytical debate, so that we take what we are being shown at face value. This then leads to the question of power and what Barthes calls the bourgeoisie ideologies. Applying Barthes’ theory to images of Northern Thailand In â€Å"The Blue Guide† Barthes discusses how culture and human life are over looked in favour of monuments and picturesque tunnels. People are reduced to decor or to a stereotype and that the real lived Spain is masked: â€Å"The ethnic reality of Spain is thus reduced to a vast classical ballet, a nice neat commedia dell’arte, whose improbable typology serves to mask the real spectacle of conditions, classes and professions† (Bathes 1972: 75). He goes on to discuss how without the understanding of the history or culture, the monuments are worthless to the traveller. By reading books such as â€Å"The Blue Guide†, the traveller is blinded from reality bringing the experience down to a superficial level by unifying the country. Fifty years later, Barthes theory of unifying to a superficial level can still be applied to images that promote / advertise a country such as Thailand, specifically by its major promotional campaign, ‘Amazing Thailand’ and ‘Unseen Thailand’. Textual Analysis Thailand since the early sixties has been a traveller’s paradise; images of exotic people, food and landscape have been prominent in the promotion of tourism which the ‘Land of Smiles’ relies upon so heavily. The country can be split into two areas which cater to different tourist groups 1. The Sun Seekers – a beach paradise, crystal blue waters and powder white sands all topped off with a coconut cocktail makes for a great relaxing get-away, and 2. The Adventure Tourist – the distant North of Thailand where untamed landscapes and the promise of primitive Hill Tribe villages are yet to be explored. The North of Thailand and the advertising of an authentic ethnic experience through the form of postcards and promotional material is where this study will focus. 9 things not to miss in Thailand: 10 Trek to the tribes â€Å"Once the pastime of adventurous outdoorsy types, trekking has become as de rigueur as going to the beach. The mountainous north of Thailand has been a melting pot of different cultures for centuries and a trek is a great way to experience its diversity. A few of the countless mix-and-match trekking options include a visit to a unspoiled hill-tribe village, a home stay on a isolated river or a nature hike to study the history of exotic Himalayan flowers that thrive on remote Thai mountaintops†. Sawasdee, 2004: 19) Thailand’s north is home to a great variety of ethnic communities who are either Lowlanders (people that live at the base of the mountain) or Highlanders (communities that live at altitude). Dr Prasit Leepreecha from the Social Research Institute at Chiang Mai University states that tourists (domestic and foreign) have been attracted to the Highlanders distinctive way of life and cultural exoticism for many years, starting in the 1930’s when the Royal Family and bourgeoisie of central Thailand would travel there for recreational purposes. Over the years this type of ethnic tourism has become more popular with the domestic crowd due to films such as â€Å"Fai Si Khram† (Under the Blue Sky) and â€Å"Khon Phukhao† (Mountain People). However it is the images that are produced in the form of postcards and sent home which have had the greatest effect on foreign travellers (Leepreecha, 2005: 2 -3). It has been noted how photography has had a large impact on travel and tourism in South-East Asia. The images, particularly postcards, influence the way outsiders perceive the people and the culture of the region, and therefore shape the expectations of that area (Hitchcock, King and Pawnwell, 1993:13). By using Barthes’ theory of the Producer, Analyser and Innocent Reader as explained in â€Å"Myth Today† and drawing from a number of other articles including â€Å"The Blue Guide†, â€Å"A Photographic Message† and â€Å"Rhetoric of the Image† this report will apply his theoretical arguments to images of Northern Thailand, in particular postcards and promotional trekking material, and delineate how the messages are precisely directed to their chosen market. Analysis: Postcard One In Image / Music / Text Barthes states a ‘photographic copy is taken as the pure and simple denotation of reality’ (Barthes, 1977: 28) which the first postcard initially appears to be. Here we can see in the foreground two ethnic women in traditional dress, standing on a road each holding an infant. The two women are both wearing metal headdresses that are very decorative whilst the infants are wearing red fabric headdresses equally as decorative. In the background and slightly out of focus the landscape is farmed and mountainous. To understand the process of connotation, Barthes suggests that the structure of the image can be broken down into different terms. He goes on to comment on how the connotation of these terms ‘pose and objects’ of the image are ‘modifications of the reality of the denoted message’ and which need to be set apart from the ‘photogenia and aestheticism’ of the image (Barthes, 1977: 21). By taking each of the above mentioned terms and applying them to postcard one, the mythologist can see what messages are being created for the target audience. Firstly the pose: â€Å"It is the very pose of the subjects which prepares the reading of the signifieds of connotation: youthfulness, spirituality, purity† (Barthes, 1977: 22). Two mothers / care givers holding their young innocent / pure children, one child seems shy and hides behind his mother, as he peers from behind he looks curious as to what is happening in front of him. As these women are positioned at the beginning of a gravel road, which leads off into the distant mountains (a road less travelled perhaps? ) they could be seen as the gate keepers of an untamed, and yet to be explored world. The landscape behind them looks lush and vibrant; the grass around them is vivid green. As we look deeper into the picture the colours change to beautifully terraced fields of bright red which suggests that there is in fact some sort of civilisation here, rich in resources. Moving from the fields the landscape changes again to a steep mountainous terrain of thick woodland or perhaps more exotically, jungle. Next there are the objects themselves, Bathes talks about how the connotation â€Å"emerges from all signifying units which are nevertheless ‘captured’ as hough the scene were immediate and spontaneous† (Barthes, 1977: 23). The movement of this picture supports this theory: there are no cars on the road, the women look like they are / were walking towards the photographer when they were asked to stop for the shot. Their facial expressions and lack of smiles suggests they might not be used to having their photo taken, the unsure look on the nearest child’ s face and the curiosity of the second encourages the connotation of a ‘natural’ unplanned photograph. The ethnic clothes the women wear are not rich in colour but are in textile, they look exotic and heavy to the touch suggesting that the weather in the mountains may get cold at times yet the thick cotton and silk keeps them warm. Small details such as the shell belt one woman wears suggest that she uses the resources from the land (Mother Nature) to decorate her traditional authentic costume. The exoticism continues to their decorative silver headdresses worn by both women and the delicately stitched hat’s the children are wearing are all signs that theirs is a rich culture of customs and traditions. All these objects of clothing encourage one to assume that they wear this dress on a daily basis. The placement of all these objects within the frame could be quite easily interpreted as a spur-of-the-moment photograph, completely un-staged. In regards to the photogenia Barthes defines this, ‘the informational structure’ of the photograph, as one of ‘embellishment,’ meaning that the techniques used such as lighting, exposure and printing all have an effect on the connotation of the image. First of all the colours of the landscape are very fresh and dramatic, again supporting the rich and fertile land. Then, too, as this is a postcard it has a glossy finish which again signifies the abundance of culture and landscape. Postcards don’t generally have much writing on them, however in this case in the top left corner is the words ‘Northern Thailand, Akha Hill Tribe’ in red and yellow (the denotation). â€Å" the text most often simply amplifying a set of connotations already given in the photograph† (Barthes, 1977: 27). The word ‘northern’ suggests a distant far off place and from a western point of view the word ‘Thailand’ connotes images of exotic people and land, this is all tied up with the colour of the words – red, suggesting danger and excitement. The small wording below is Akha Hill Tribe – this connotes remoteness, isolation from civilisation and inaccessibility to the fair weather traveller, in short, adventure. While this postcard/photograph certainly gives the impression of being ‘natural’ and spontaneous, it is most probably very contrived. It is very likely that the two women have been precisely placed in this setting or, at the extreme, that the photograph has been manipulated, creating a single image from parts of disparate images. Furthermore, the colouring most probably has been enhanced to provide the reader with an impression of lushness and abundance. Analysis: Postcard Two In terms of denotation, a young girl lies on a wooden pallet, her head resting on a wooden box, her arms crossed over her lower body. She is wearing a long green shirt and cream / gold blouse and on her head she has a brightly coloured hat with a large flower. Around her neck are twenty one gold bands and around her left wrist are four silver bracelets. She wears a cream like powder on her checks and she is smiling, her eyes looking up to the ceiling. In the background there is wooden weaved panelled walls, and hanging from in the left hand corner is a patterned piece of material. To the right of the girl and against the wall is a box filled with what looks like a comb and two large sticks. The pose and object in this postcard are very different to the first in that the focus is more sexual, the signifiers here all connote that she is on display, an exotic spectacle ready to be visually consumed by the reader. Throughout art history women have been objects of desire for the male gaze and the same principles can be applied to postcard two. Her position mirrors that of paintings such as Manets Olympia, John Maler Collier’s Reclining Woman or that of the Vietnamese artist Mai Trung Thu’s painting on silk. All four examples suggest that the reader is in a relation of power to the women who are being looked at. The women are all looking away from the audience in a demure yet teasing, inviting way. The position of the young Hill Tribe girl in the postcard is submissive; again strengthen the theory that she is available to the reader, and her half smile promises to obey. She is alone, isolated suggesting that this is a private experience, her traditional dress connotes that this experience is authentic. There is a strong informational structure running through this postcard – small pockets of sunlight hit the girl, which gives a golden glow to the image connoting warmth and a welcoming feel. Similar to postcard one it is finished off with a glossy effect which gives the image a more desirable effect. This postcard is obviously staged; however the placement of the small items around her and her costume connote that this is how she lives, a very simple, content life which is rich in mystery waiting to be explored. Ultimately all these signifiers evoke the western stereotype of Thai women as sexually available. Since the 1960’s the image of beautiful, obedient, exotic girls has lead to the development of a very robust sex tourism industry and the oppression of the Thai women. Analysis: Trekking Brochure In â€Å"Rhetoric of the Image† Barthes elaborates a relationship between text and image. He discusses three techniques that are used in this relationship: 1) the text is â€Å"designed to connote the image† meaning that the image does not support the words, the words support the image bringing it to a second-level signifieds, 2) it is the presentation of the text around the image that has an effect on the connotation and finally 3) â€Å"the words ‘duplicate’ the image† suggesting that there is an emphasis on the connotations that are already present in the image. Barthes, 1977: 26) Barthes specially makes reference to the importance of ‘anchorage’ in which the text directs and fixes the meaning of the image â€Å"a long text may only comprise a single global signified, thanks to connotation; it is this signified that is put in relation with the image†. He continues with the notion that the text helps the reader perceive the image and how it must be read â€Å"the caption helps me to choose the correct level of perception, permits me to focus not simply my gaze but also my understanding†. (Barthes, 1977: 38-39) In the following example of a section of a brochure, the relationship between the text and image perfectly illustrate Barthes’ theories of ‘anchorage:’ â€Å"Formally the image illustrated the text (made it clearer); today, the text loads the image, burdening it with a culture, a moral, an imagination† (Barthes, 1977: 26). In this example, the meaning of the image is imprecise, and any number of signifieds could be draw from this ambiguity. However the accompanying text elaborates and directs the reading of the image into one or two signifieds. â€Å"Thailand Top 20 Hill Tribe Trekking in Northern Thailand Nestled in the lush, mountainous terrain of northern Thailand, centuries removed from the frantic urban-mania of Bangkok and the countrys crowded coastlines, the Hill Tribes of Thailand offer a glimpse into the countrys true cultural origins. The best way to penetrate this distinct culture? Your own two feet. Trek into the northern highlands into the regions dense jungle, crossing streams, rafting down rivers, and dipping into waterfall pools while following your local guide down elusive jungle trails. End each day in a different tribal village, dining on bamboo, banana, peapods, green pumpkin, and rice whiskey. Then relax on the porch of a teak house elevated six feet off the ground. Wake to a roosters call and watch dawn push the mist off of the forest leaves before strapping on your pack and hitting the trail, ready to do it all over again†. The use of language in the above extract anchor’s the photograph to the text of a group of Hill Tribe women as they walk through a field of dense foliage. The words used, such as ‘nestled in the lush, mountainous terrain enturies removed from the frantic urban-mania’ all connote to the reader that this will be an experience that will get them away from the usual hustle and bustle of the tourist trail. This area which is ’centuries removed’ suggests that the land and people the reader will come in contact with will be primitive and that they are yet to be explored. It goes on further by stating the read er will have ‘a glimpse into the countrys true cultural origin’ – this also supports the image of people wearing exotic clothes made of traditional textiles. The extract continues with ‘The best way to penetrate this distinct culture? ’ suggests that the reader is going to experience this new and exciting culture on a much deeper level, one far removed from anything else that might be offered elsewhere. The fact that there is no transport or infrastructure shown in the photograph just a path that the women are making their way through again is anchored by the text ‘trek into the northern highlands into the regions dense jungle’. Communities of Interpretation: The Readers To select only monuments suppresses at one stroke the reality of the land and that of its people† (Barthes, 1972: 76). How much does previous knowledge affect the reading? Barthes’ argument with â€Å"The Blue Guide† is that it does not take into account the complex diversity of culture and everything that makes up that culture. The true reality of the Northern Hill Tribes using postcards and their images blinds the traveller, bringing the experience to a superficial level. Knowledge, history and cultural sensitivity are indeed needed to ‘decipher the myth and understand the distortions there in’. Support for this argument comes from Stuart Hall in Encoding / Decoding where he states that the way a message is received is usually â€Å"framed by structures of understanding† Problems only occur between motivated meaning and interpreted meaning when the codes of encoding and decoding are not symmetrical, meaning the communicative exchange depends on the level of ‘relation of equivalence’. (Hall, 1973: 510) To investigate this further, a focus group was conducted consisting of four people: two Westerners (American and Austrian) and two Thai nationals, all who have lived in Thailand for a few years. The postcards were given with no previous explanation of Barthes’ theory, only that they were to look at the images and state what messages they got from them – the connotations that were being constructed. I understand to do a more scientific investigation a formal questionnaire and more subjects were needed, however the outcome of this group was still fascinating. The results were very interesting, when discussing postcard one, most of the members of the group picked out the importance of the care giver (the mothers) and the relation to the natural land that surrounds them. All members pointed out the traditional dress and how in their opinion it was fake, only being worn for commercial value. They continued to discuss how their cultural knowledge of how these ethnic groups are treated in Thailand had an effect on how they looked at the image and that they struggled to be objective. The lack of smiles connoted to these readers, not that the women were unaccustomed to being photographed, but that in fact the Hill Tribe women were very uncomfortable with the commercial demand for them to pose in a particular way. The group also made comment on the lettering on the postcard – they noted that the larger lettering ‘Northern Thailand’ was in red and suggested that this could in fact be a reference to the fact that politically the North of Thailand is predominantly Red Shirts (people support the ex Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra) whereas the smaller lettering below is in yellow again this could be making reference to the other political party the Yellow Shirts (people who usually come from Bangkok and are seen as the Bangkok elite, they also follow the king and the current government). However, a tourist, on the other hand, would be unlikely to have such a specific level of knowledge about the Thai political situation. For the focus group readers, the second postcard was more of an emotional analysis, each member having previous knowledge of the plight that the Hill Tribe women go through to extend their necks and, thus, being given the name ‘long-necks’. The members first discussed how this postcard shows the spectacle of voyeurism; one member raised the idea of the male gaze and her sexual invitation to the foreign man. They discussed her traditional dress with one of the Thais noting that the material in the corner was in fact Karen (a different tribe) and not Padong (long-neck). This remark initiated a conversation about how the tourist would not know the difference between the two tribes, supporting Barthes’ theory of unification of a number of signifiers under a common signified. The connotations that were being provided to them suggested that the reclining woman in postcard two lived a simple, yet rich life due to the material of the costume. Yet the group struggled with the knowledge that these women are kept in the villages (in many cases cannot leave because they have no Thai identification) as if they were a commercial commodity purely to satisfy the visiting tourists. With the tourist in mind, the postcards were then sent to someone with no experience of Thailand or Hill Tribes. The connotations were short and to the point: postcard one connoted motherhood, tradition, femininity, family, tribe, belonging. The second was said to be more difficult for the reader with connotations of youth, femininity, tradition, sexuality (the jewellery and rings around her throat), beauty, dignity and innocence. This supports Barthes theory of â€Å"the relationship of signified to signifiers is not one of ‘transformation’ but of ‘recording’, and the absence of a code clearly reinforces the myth of a photographs naturalness† (Barthes, 1977: 44). It seems that with a little knowledge or cultural sensitivity, people move from being the Innocent Reader to the Analyser bringing a better understanding of the distortions of the myth. However, the ‘pure’ tourist who has no knowledge will accept the created myths. The Writer But who are creating these myths? Who are the Producers? When talking about Northern Thailand, Professor Vithi from Chiang Mai University, Art Department states â€Å"We had always been told there was just one kind of Thai The government did not want people to know about their ethnicity, they wanted a unified, centralised, Thailand; its the policy of the government to teach one country, one flag†. Vithi goes on to say that here has been a very successful marketing campaign promoting Northern Thailand; however the cultures have been mixed up, even a bastardisation of cultures to satisfy the ignorant tourist. And this is exactly what can be observed in postcard two: textiles from various Hill Tribes are placed together within the frame without regard to accuracy. For the producers/writers, the purpose is not to exhibit authenticity, but to create a single connotation – exoticism. In the past, businesses played a large part in presenting ethnic images to the public. The owners of the Night Bazaar (the famous night market in Chiang Mai) brought Hill Tribe people down from the mountains to sell their ethnic products to ever keen tourists (Prasit, 2005: 4). Vithi supports this notion that it is cultural exoticism and a demand for authentic souvenirs and images that are the big attraction for the tourist. The native has turned into an actor; some might say a caricature of themselves. There are ever increasing promotional material created by the Tourist Authority of Thailand (TAT). The ‘Amazing Thailand / Unseen Thailand campaign has been very popular for example a large poster of an Akha woman wearing traditional dress was used at the international airport in the arrivals lounge in Bangkok and many other cities around Thailand. This image and woman represented all ethnic tribes no matter what their dialect or traditions. In reference to â€Å"The Blue Guide,† Barthes comments that whoever edits the piece will determine how that country is represented. This statement certainly supports the above and can be applied to the images created by the TAT be it posters or postcards. As with Barthes’ three positions; Producer, Analyser and Innocent Reader, Stuart Hall goes on further to discuss three reader positions. Taking examples from televisual discourse, the same theory can be applied to that of printed material such as postcards. Hall first identifies the â€Å"dominant-hegemonic position† this is where the reader is working within the dominate code and takes what is transmitted / shown as ‘natural’, the reader then fits into the dominate hierarchical social order. This position can be applied to that of the ‘pure tourist and their interpretation of the postcards. Position two is the â€Å"negotiated code or position† here the reader understands â€Å"what has been dominantly defined and professionally signified† and so â€Å"operate through what we might call particular or situated logics† decoding from a national and / local level. The last position is that of the â€Å"oppositional code†, Hall concludes that this reader understands both the â€Å"literal and the connotative inflection given by the discourse but to decode the message in a globally contrary way† – this could be applied to the focus group and their interpretation of the three images. (Hall, 1973: 516-517). Contemporary Myth as Distortion â€Å"However paradoxical it may seem, myth hides nothing: its function is to distort, not make disappear† (Barthes, 1972: 121) One of Barthes’ major points is that myths do not hide the truth, but the concept distorts it – ‘created / distorted’ text vs. the ‘real’ situation. What we see in the postcards is created / distorted but without the full meaning the reader is deprived of its history. In regards to the images of the Hill Tribes the ‘real’ situation is that due to modernity the lives of these ethnic groups are becoming less authentic. Professor Prasit Leepreecha blames this change in lifestyle on ethnic tourism and state policy stating that the government has invested millions of baht into infrastructure so that access to the Highlanders is more convenient for the tourist. If these Highlanders where not of any interest to the tourists, the roads would never have been paved. Leepreecha notes how the Thai government has forced assimilation in a number of ways; the first being that of education. The school curriculum forbids students to speak any ethnic languages, local or indigenous knowledge is not recognised and only central Thai is used. He goes on to comment that religious conversion has also had a major affect on the different tribes. Buddhism has been imposed on them especially through the Dhammacarik Buddhism Project where it is believed that ethnic tribes and their spiritual beliefs are considered primitive. Finally the state’s registration process has been instrumental in changing ethnic identities into Thai. Having an ethnic first and last name is seen as uncivilised in Thai society, so through the registration process, a Thai name is given and must be used for all official usage (Leepreecha, 2005: 7-8). The created images of Northern Thailand and the ‘real’ situation of how the Hill Tribes are treated supports Barthes’ theory that the myth here is not hiding anything, however, there is a distortion in the reality of it The Blue Guide vs. modern day travel guides Over the last fifty years travel books have certainly evolved. Read any Lonely Planet Guide or Rough Guide and they make a conscious effort to include the history and customs of the country and the people they are discussing; however, has The Blue Guide changed in any way? The Blue Guide credits itself on its in-depth coverage of the country it is exploring, stating â€Å"the most comprehensive guide to Thailand. Indispensible to travellers wishing to discover the country’s rich history and culture†. However, it seems to unify this culture, still placing emphasis on the monuments of Bangkok and Northern Thailand, the art and architecture of ruins and the astonishing forests and mountains. If Barthes was to make comment on this guide now would he still have the same opinion? The answer might possibly be yes. Barthes’ Importance to Contemporary Cultural Studies Mythologies is a collection that was written in post-war France between 1954 and 1956 for the left-wing magazine Les Lettres Nouvelles. His humorous, journalistic approach continued to question the capitalist elite by making comment on everyday myths that we, as readers, take as given. There are many definitions of the term ‘Cultural Studies’ however Robert Stam defines it as â€Å"Cultural Studies calls attention to the social and institutional conditions under which meaning is produced and received† Stam, 2000: 225). Barthes’ work is particularly valuable to Cultural Studies, as the study of Semiotics we the analyser / the Mythologist are able to decode signs and values which in turn leads to a better, clearer understanding (Allen 2003: XII). By understanding that we the readers of a text are being given signifiers, means that we can move from the ‘innocent reader’ to ‘the anal yser enabling better judgement on what we experience. Barthes was seen by many as a pioneer in applying semiotics to determine how cultural texts produce meanings. Barthes also influenced post-structuralism by his insistence on a de-centred concept of the author, analysis of images, and contemporary narrative theory. Tony McNeil states that Barthes’ importance to cultural studies is due to his method of analysis and how he applied it to ‘mass culture’, he continues to point out that Barthes was one of the first theorists to take ‘mass culture’ seriously (McNeil, 1999: lesson 2) After fifty years, Roland Barthes’ semiotic approach to signifying systems is still incredibly valuable particularly in the field of Cultural Studies. This report has shown that Barthes’ ideas and concepts from Mythologies and o

Free Essays on Conflict Management In The Workplace

Summary: 5 pages. 4 sources. MLA format. Conflict management in the workplace is a hot topic in the business environment today. This paper explores various techniques that can be utilized to manage conflict in the workplace. Conflict Management in the Workplace Introduction Conflict management in the workplace is an issue that every leader, manager, or employee has to deal with at one time or another. The basics of conflict management include improving communication, teamwork, and a systematic approach to solving the disagreement. This paper explores various techniques that can be utilized to manage conflict in the workplace. Workplace Conflict Management Conflict is defined by Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman as â€Å"the process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party† (p. 362). Sometimes conflict that be a positive force within an organization, while at other times it is a negative force. An example of conflict as a positive force is that the creation and resolution of conflict may lead the company to constructive problem solving. It may also lead people to search for ways of changing how they do things. The conflict resolution process can ultimately be a stimulus for positive change within an organization (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 364). However, conflict may also have serious negative effects on an organization. For example, conflict may divert efforts from goal attainment or it may deplete resources (particularly time and money) (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 364). Conflict also may negatively affect the psychological well-being of employees and cause stress (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 364). Indeed, conflicting workplace ideas may lead to anger, tension, and anxiety. Deep and lasting conflicts that continue without conflict management may even lead to violence between employees and others (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman,... Free Essays on Conflict Management In The Workplace Free Essays on Conflict Management In The Workplace Summary: 5 pages. 4 sources. MLA format. Conflict management in the workplace is a hot topic in the business environment today. This paper explores various techniques that can be utilized to manage conflict in the workplace. Conflict Management in the Workplace Introduction Conflict management in the workplace is an issue that every leader, manager, or employee has to deal with at one time or another. The basics of conflict management include improving communication, teamwork, and a systematic approach to solving the disagreement. This paper explores various techniques that can be utilized to manage conflict in the workplace. Workplace Conflict Management Conflict is defined by Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman as â€Å"the process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party† (p. 362). Sometimes conflict that be a positive force within an organization, while at other times it is a negative force. An example of conflict as a positive force is that the creation and resolution of conflict may lead the company to constructive problem solving. It may also lead people to search for ways of changing how they do things. The conflict resolution process can ultimately be a stimulus for positive change within an organization (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 364). However, conflict may also have serious negative effects on an organization. For example, conflict may divert efforts from goal attainment or it may deplete resources (particularly time and money) (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 364). Conflict also may negatively affect the psychological well-being of employees and cause stress (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 364). Indeed, conflicting workplace ideas may lead to anger, tension, and anxiety. Deep and lasting conflicts that continue without conflict management may even lead to violence between employees and others (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman,...

How to Cancel Your SAT Scores

How to Cancel Your SAT Scores SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What can you do if you took the SAT already but you decide you want to cancel your test scores? First, stop and take a step back. Ask yourself if you’re sure. Once you cancel your test scores, there's no going back. Second, figure out - can you still cancel your scores? CollegeBoard has a very strict deadline about this and if you miss that deadline, then they won't budge. So what can you do? Well, I'm here tohelp you 1) assess whether you should cancel; 2) know what steps you need to take to cancel; and 3) know what to do if you miss the deadline to cancel, but still need to deal with a poor score. Why are you canceling? Should you really do this? You may have felt unsure about your answers, or you may have taken longer than the people around you to complete the test and are worried that you did poorly. However, keep in mind that everyone feels bad coming out of a test. For tests as long as the SAT, it's best not to make an impulsive decision about canceling. If you cancel your test, then you are probably going to have to take it again. Besides, it's possible that you did better than you thought you did. This is very common! But you have to keep in mind - once you cancel your test scores, you can't take it back.Know that there are other options. Score Choice is one such deal, where you can choose which scores you send to colleges, so your low scores won't necessarily have the terrible impact you think it will. However, some schools do require that "all scores" be sent out, so its important to consider where your top choice schools fall on this list. Take a look atWhich Colleges Superscore the SAT to find out! There is another option as well - you can cancel the free score reports so that they don't go out! This way, you don't have to cancel your scores ahead of time, and you can decide whether anyone else sees them. Until then, you are the only one who will. I talk about this topic more in the last section of this article, so make sre you check that out. So, basically, you have a lot of options. But you still don't know what to decide? In cases like these, I would recommend you carefully go over the checklist we provided below. If you answer YES to any of the questions in the checklist, then you may want to consider canceling. But if you answer no, then what you should really do is step away, and wait for the results, knowing that you did the best you could have that day. CHECKLIST: When should you consider cancelingyour score? You panicked while taking the test and missed a lot of questions You ran out of time repeatedly and could not complete one or more sections Your equipment malfunctioned [your calculator spazzed or ran out of batteries, your pencils all broke and there was no sharpener and it turned out they weren't #2 anyway] You were sick during the test Something happened during the test that you found disruptive [there was construction outside, someone in the room had a medical emergency, etc.] and this really shook up your performance You were late to your test [because of transportation, you woke up late, etc] and because of that you've been distracted the whole time You top choice college is one that requires you to send in all your scores, and does not allow Score Choice You are 100% sure that you filled in your answer circles wrong on an entire section or more (Note: This is possible to fix with Hand Score Grading, $55, by CollegeBoard - check out our article on it here.) You fell asleep during the test If you answer YES to any of the questions on the Checklist above, and you know you want to cancel, then you need to go through the steps outlined below. What steps should you take to cancel your SAT score? At the test center, immediately after the test Ask the test supervisor for a Request to Cancel Test Scores form Complete the form and sign in Return the form to the test supervisor before leaving the test center If you decide to cancel after leaving the test center You must submit a written request to CollegeBoard by :59 PM EST on the Wednesday after the test You cannot submit test score cancellation requests by phone or email because your signature is required. Yes, it’s a hassle, but it is necessary so that they know it's not someone trying to maliciously erase your test. You need the following information: The SAT Request to Cancel Test Scores form found here The test date The test center number The name of the test you are canceling(either SAT or SAT Subject Test) Your signature (required) Remember, once you submit a request to cancel your scores, your scores cannot be reinstated under any circumstances and will not be reported to you or any of the institutions you selected. IMPORTANT: What's the SAT Cancellation Deadline? You must cancel no later than :59 PM EST on the Wednesday following the test date. The only exception is students with disabilities. Because of the extended school testing window, students with disabilities who test in school based testing have until the Monday, 1 week after the published test date to cancel their scores. How to Send in Your Request: By Fax: 610-290-8978 By Overnight delivery with USPS Express Mail: SAT Score Cancellation P.O. Box 6228 Princeton NJ, 08541-6228 By FedEx, UPS, other Overnight Mail Delivery: SAT Score Cancellation 1425 Lower Ferry Road Ewing NJ, 08618 NOTE: The mailing or Fax label should read ATTENTION: SAT Score Cancellation What if you miss the deadline? What can you do? Option 1: Accept what CollegeBoard says and be sad According to CollegeBoard, if you wait until after the deadline, then there's nothing you can do. Your score will become a part of your permanent record Option 2: Be Clever! You can use Score Choice to prevent universities from seeing your bad score. You can make changes to your score recipients easily in your My SAT Account. You can change these recipients until :59 PM EST on the Monday one week after your scheduled test date. If for some reason you cannot delete score recipients altogether, change the recipients to colleges you aren't interested in; some college will get your score, but your chances with your top-choice colleges won't be damaged. Note: if you remove score recipients but then later learn that you did very well, then you will need to pay $10.50 per school to send those results. However, if that's the price you pay for some peace of mind, then it might be worth it. If you decide to cancel, then be prepared for that possible expense. Basically, if you act within a week, after the initial deadline to cancel your scores, there are still ways to keep your scores from getting to your top-choice schools! What's Next? If you haven't taken the test yet and know you don't want to, then check out How to cancel your SAT registration Want to register for the SATs at a later date? Make the process faster with our step by step picture guide Step-by-Step Guide with Pictures SAT Registration Maybe you’re not sure whether you want to take the SAT, but keep in mind Future Years’ SAT Test Dates, Schedules, and Deadlines Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Research Issues in Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Research Issues in Human Resource - Essay Example "Bullying usually includes acts or verbal comments that could mentally hurt or isolate a person in the workplace and it has been described as the assertion through aggression" (CCOHS) Bullying has its adverse effects on the individual as well as the work place. Workplace bullying always poses multiple challenges to the HR professionals in dealing with their occurrences. HR Management always includes Workplace bullying prevention programs aimed to safeguard the potential victims of bullying. Such prevention programmes require the commitment from the management as an important component. In this context this paper attempts to present a detailed account of the challenges being faced by the HR professionals in dealing with bullying at work. An academic definition of Workplace Bulling as provided by Einarsen et al reads "Bullying at work means harassing, offending, socially excluding someone or negatively affecting someone's work tasks. In order for the label bullying (or mobbing) to be applied to a particular activity, interaction or process it has to occur repeatedly and regularly (e.g. weekly) and over a period of time (e.g. about six months)." Bullying is considered an ongoing process of abuse during which the person subjected to bullying becomes weak and inferior in feeling by becoming the victim of negative social act. It may be noted that an isolated event cannot be characterized as bullying. Similarly when the parties involved in the conflict are of equal strength the act can not be termed as bullying. (Einarsen et al 2003:15) The International Labour Organisation has defined the work place violence that bullying. The definition goes like "any incident in which a person is abused, threatened or assaulted in circ umstances relating to their work. These behaviors would originate from customers, co-workers at any level of the organization. This definition would include all forms or harassment, bullying, intimidation, physical threats/assaults, robbery and other intrusive behaviors." (Canada Safety Council)It is observed that workplace bullying is found to be more prevalent in work places than other disorderly behaviours like sexual harassment and racial discrimination which are dealt with by legislative measures. It is often observed that when bullying at the work place takes place the victims usually receive the immediate focus to provide the support and no efforts are being taken to provide advise, guidance or support to those who has indulged in such bullying activities. According to a report published by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) the employers usually train their HR managers in tacking issues related to workplace bullying. But the line managers are not provided with the necessary training in this regard. The report indicates that while 75 percent of the employers take efforts to train the HR managers to tackle the harassment to workers out of bullying only 55 percent of them provide such training to the line managers also. As per the 2004 research of the CIPD the conflicts relating to workplace bullying costs nearly 450 days of managements' time each year which is equivalent to the full working time of two managers. It was also estimated that the bullying related complains constituted

Magic number 1089 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Magic number 1089 - Research Paper Example The procedure that yields the number 1089 through calculations bearing three digit numbers involves three basic steps. The first step involves a random selection of a three-digit number, which has the first and last digits having a difference of more than two. Secondly, the digits are reversed, this changes the order of the numbers such that the first one appears as the last and the last as the first. For example, 469 is reversed to become 964. After this, the smaller of the numbers is subtracted from the one that has a bigger value. From the example above it will be (964-469)= 495. Finally, the number obtained in step two is added to its reverse hence generating the number 1089. In our example, 495+593 yields 1089. This procedure yields this number (1089) only given that the three digit numbers used always have a difference of more than two between the first and the last numbers. To unravel the mystery behind the magic behind the mathematical logic we can systematically analyze the calculations. If the three digits in our number are a, b and c respectively; then, we establish the three digit number will be given by (100*a) + (10*b) + c. this means that when the number is reversed, it becomes; (100*c) + (10*b) + a. Engaging the next step in the calculation which involves a subtraction of the biggest number from the smallest (in this case we can use any of the numbers since we are not certain which letters represents the largest number). (100a+10b+c) – (100c + 10b + a) yields 99 (a-c). The logic here is that (a-c) must always be greater than two and definitely not greater than 9. The trick is usually in the predictable numbers that are obtained after the process gets to this level. It is a must that the values of 99 (a-c) should be either 198, 297, 396,495, 594, 693, 792, or 891. Looking carefully at these eight

Trends in Nigerias telecommunications sector

Trends in Nigerias telecommunications sector CHAPTER 4 This section reviews the various trends in the flow of FDI in Nigerias telecommunications sector; the pre-liberalisation era and the post liberalisation era of the sector putting into consideration the circumstances that led to this policy change by the government of Nigeria. The determinants of telecoms FDI and its impact on Nigerias economic growth is analyzed taking note of the trend in inflow before and after the adoption of the liberalisation policy (1980 and 2008) 4.1.1 Pre-Liberalisation Era: Move towards Liberalisation (1980-1999) Prior to 1980, the telecommunications sector was viewed as a strategically imperative but comparatively neglected sector in Nigeria. It was one of the most undeveloped telecoms sector in Africa as it was largely characterized by poor performance manifested in low profitability, large unmet demand for services, poor technical and operational quality of service, and absence of new services. The sector was heavily dominated by the state-run monopoly-NITEL In spite of the mounting hitches of the telecom sector in Nigeria, the need for its privatization was not felt until the mid 1980s with the commencement of the structural adjustment programme (SAP). Between 1988 and 1991, the Technical Committee on Privatization and Commercialization (TCPC) carried out a comprehensive diagnostic appraisal of NITELs operations and adopted the commercialization option because the enterprise was considered strategic. The aim of this sector reform was to increase competition, lead to greater managerial autonomy and improve the incentive structure through the eradication of some of the principal-agent problems (Jerome, 2002). The resort to privatization/commercialization was informed by several considerations. First, by 1985, the quantum of resources required to sustain the state owned enterprise (SOE) NITEL had become an excruciating burden on Nigeria. Second, it was predicted that a carefully planned privatization programme would be an effective strategy to improve efficiency of operations, broadening share ownership, attracting foreign investment and reduce government participation where the private sector has the capabilities to operate more efficiently and lastly, the success of developed countries privatisation programme (Jerome, 2002). Prior to commercialization, NITEL operated as a very inefficient monopoly grappling with lack of clear policy direction, counterproductive bureaucratic red tape and a myriad of other problems. These negative factors put together prompted the government to make policy changes towards FDI. Subsequently, the telecommunications industry in Nigeria witnessed the deregulation of telecommunications services in 1992 through the promulgation of Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) Decree, No. 75 of 1992, introducing private participation in the provision of telecommunications services in Nigeria, thus ending the state-owned NITELs monopoly of the sector and ushering in competition. The federal government, through the promulgation of Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) Decree No. 75 of 1992, introduced private participation in the provision of telecommunications services in Nigeria. The telecommunications business was hereby open to foreign operators in different telecommunications se rvice areas to improve the sectors efficiency (Jerome, 2002). During this period, the government issued a new policy framework and set the following sector targets to increase telecommunication growth rate to an annual minimum of 13.5% such that 10% of the rural communities are served in the short term, 30% in the medium term and 60% in the long term; achieve a teledensity of 1.5 by 2001 by installing 1.5 million lines and 1.2 million mobile telephone lines. Install 8 million fixed lines by 2005; and ensure that in the medium term, telephones are within 5 kilometres walking distance in stead of the current 50 kilometres (Tella et al, 2007). All this and even more was achieved within a short period of time after foreign investors entered the telecoms market. Under the new dispensation, NITEL was denied access to subsidies, privileges and other forms of soft capital that enabled it to compete without improving efficiency. More importantly, commercialization was quickly followed by deregulation, which put an end to state owned NITELs monopoly of the sector. NITEL responded to the competitive environment by articulating a strategic plan aimed at ensuring growth and retaining a greater market share. The company was reregistered as a public limited company (Plc) under the Companies and Allied Matters Decree of 1990 with a completely new capital structure of fully paid 55 million ordinary shares of N100 each, giving an equity base of N5.5 billion and a new gearing ratio of 3:2 (Jerome, 2002). The companys stature as a fully commercialized enterprise invariably meant greater expectation from government, consumers and the general public. However, the commercialization of NITEL has not been a huge success as NITEL still operates like the civil se rvice, with functions structured within hierarchical and poorly coordinated departments and service provision organized along geographical lines corresponding to administrative regions in the country. 4.1.2 Liberalisation and FDI promotion Era (1999-2001) After the first step towards deregulating the telecoms sector by the military government in 1992 to boost the sectors development failed, and also due to the inefficiency of NITEL, the democratic government in 1999 further saw the need to liberalise and encourage foreign investment in the telecoms sector. As foreign investors seemed to have the expertise and finances required to provide telecommunications services in Nigerias market which was served by the monopoly of NITEL. The liberalization of Nigerias telecommunications industry started in the early 1990s and accelerated in 2000, after the election of a democratic government. By 2001, foreign investors were issued licences to commence operations. Prior to the auction of the license, Nigeria was viewed as a high-risk investment country, however, from 2001 all the companies have recorded impressive trading profits (Ndukwe, 2008). This could suggest that the factors that encouraged foreign firms to invest in Nigerias telecoms sector and the substantial improvement in the sectors efficiency was as a result of the regime shift. The democratic government encouraged greater private sector and foreign firms participation in the delivery of telecommunications services in Nigeria to introduce competition in the sector, and to strengthen ongoing reform efforts to embrace full privatization of NITEL with a view to overcoming prolonged constraints on telecommunications performance and growth (Jerome, 2002). There fore, it can be said that the involvement of the democratic government during the liberalisation era acted as an important locational advantage that encouraged market seeking FDI such as telecommunication service firms to invest in Nigeria. Some of the policies embarked on by the Nigerian government to attract foreign investors as a result of the introduction of the SAP are the establishment of the Industrial Development Coordinating Committee (IDCC), investment incentive strategy, the privatization and commercialization programme, and the shift in macroeconomic management in favour of industrialization, deregulation and market-based arrangements. Evidence from literature also found that the macro policies in place before the SAP discouraged foreign investors (Odozi , 1995). Some of the other incentives for foreign investors include the new Nigerian Enterprise decree in 1989 which authorized 100% foreign ownership in any new venture except those in banking, oil, insurance, and mining. Furthermore, the military government decreed the establishment of the Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission (NIPC), the commission was charged with the responsibility facilitating the process of businesses set up in Nigeria and thereby reducing the time required to set up a foreign affiliate)as well as the liberalization of the foreign exchange market. The government also introduced a new visa policy to enable genuine foreign investors to acquire entry visa to Nigeria within 48hours of submitting the required documentation, furthermore, the expatriate quota requirement for foreign nationals working in Nigeria was replaced with work permit. The government also provides non-fiscal incentives to foreign investors in the telecommunication sector in addition to a tariff struc ture that ensures that investors recuperate their investment over a reasonable period of time, bearing in mind the need for differential tariffs between urban and rural areas. Rebate and tax relief are provided for the local manufacture of telecommunications equipment and provision of telecommunications services (UNCTAD, 2010). These, with amendments, are the policies implemented by the Nigerian government to attract foreign investment. The relative success of this era, though very little flow of FDI inflow entered the country initially, marked the beginning of increased foreign investors interest in Nigeria. As a result, there has been discernible change in the relationship between telecoms FDI and economic growth in Nigeria after these policies were implemented. Subsequently, the reform undertaken resulted in increased profitability, network expansion and modernization of telecommunications services in Nigeria. 4.1.3 Post Liberalisation Era (2001-2008) During this period, the sector recorded strong growth in the Nigerian telecommunications sector especially in the fixed-line market; also, private operators have recently increased investments as the market plans for the expected boom in internet broadband. Between 2000 and 2009, the telecommunications sector has contributed to Nigerias economy in various ways such as the creation of direct and indirect employment in the economy. Also, reliable telecommunications networks has improved the productivity and efficiency of other sectors of the economy such as the banking, stock transaction, e-payment, distance learning, e-health and other commercial transactions are now ICT enabled hereby enhancing the quality of life (Ndukwe, 2004). It has further assisted the country to attract FDI into other sectors of the economy; theoretically, greater FDI flow into developing countries that have better telecommunications networks (Lydon and Williams 2005). Which will invariably improve the standard of living of the inhabitants, as the number of people that have direct access to telecoms services have increased; previously telecoms services was seen as useful to and affordable for the educated and wealthy people in the country. Also through competition, it has helped improve sector efficiency and the costs of services and the telecommunications products such as phones, laptops, etc have become affordable for the average Nigerian population. Lastly, it has been a source of revenue generation for the government in form of tax. NCC (2006) reported that MTN paid N9.8million tax to the Federal Government of Nigeria, while the workers paid N 1.1 billion as tax to the government. The company also paid N34.8 billion to the government for license fee, duties and other statutory payments to the government. At the end of 2007, MTN had paid a total tax of approximately N150 billion since it began operations in 2000. The government has earned a total of N250 billion from spectrum licensing fee (NCC 2008, Mawoli, 2009). The rising share of greenfield projects amoung FDI investment in Nigerias telecoms (as in the case of MTN and Etisalat) reflects the effects of opening the sector to competition and the shrinking number of assets to be privatized (World bank, 2006). With the liberalization of the telecommunication sector, Nigerias telecommunications sector is evidently experiencing rapid growth. Figure 4.2 below shows the trend of telecoms FDI inflow into Nigeria between 1999 when the sector was liberalised and 2008; obviously the growth of the telecommunications sector in Nigeria has exceeded all estimated forecasts. With this growth rate between 1999 and 2008, theres enormous growth potential in the market, as there has been a continuous increase in demand for telecom service because of the market liberalization and massive telecom investments from foreign MNCs. Figure 4.3 below shows the increase in telecoms operators in Nigeria and other African countries. In the first quarter of 2008, there were 22 telecommunications operators in the country, compared to only the monopoly by NITEL as at 1999 (NCC, 2009). Over recent years, all branches of the telecom industry have generated considerable growth and the telecom industry has emerged as a main motor of the countrys economy. It is only the oil sector that has seen more investment and telecom is now seen as the second most lucrative branch for investment in Nigerias economy. As a result, Nigeria presently possesses Africas largest and most promising telecom market. Even though Nigeria is trying to meet up with other countries in terms of providing phone technology at an affordable price and doing so reliably, the market has taken significant strides in its development (Ariyo 2005). Concomitant with the encouraging volume of FDI inflow for the telecoms sector was a very successful policy which succeeded in effectively changing the pattern of FDI flow into this sector. This growth potential has also attracted foreign operators that have recently acquired some of the private players (HSBC global research, 2009). Such as in the case of Zain which was formely owned by Econet and was later acquired by Vmobile, in July 2010, Zain announced the sale of 100% of its shares to Bharti Airtel at $10.7 billion on an enterprise basis. The sectors contribution to Nigerias GDP increased from 0.6% in 2001 to 2.8% in 2008 which is an increase over fourfolds. This can be attributed to the increase in foreign investment in the sector. Also, the sector recorded a real GDP growth of 32.54 percent in the first quarter of 2010 compared with 31.75 percent recorded in the first quarter of 2009. The figure below shows the performance of the sector in the first quarter of 2010. The total telecom productivity capacity, number of connected line, competition, GSM telecoms services, service quality, FDI inflow and employment generation in the telecoms sector improved significantly after full liberalization. However, the industry is still currently facing some challenges such as high operation costs and service tariffs of the telecom companies as a result of the poor electricity supply in the country (Mawoli, 2009). 4.2 Determinants of FDI into the telecoms sector of Nigeria It is important to note that various factors determine the choice of a firm to invest abroad. Because this case is that of a service firm where their services cannot be easily exported or traded, FDI is the best option. This is market seeking FDI therefore its determinants might be different from that of non-service firms. Theoretically, a firm must possess ownership of some firm-specific tangible or intangible asset or skill that gives it an advantage over other firms (Ownership advantage) before it can engage in FDI (Dunning, 1988). From the discussion above the determinants of foreign investment into the Nigerian telecommunications sector in the early 2000 till date can be deduced to be the following: 4.2.1 Liberalization of the sector The first sector specific step Nigeria took to attract foreign investment was to liberalize the telecommunications sector therefore opening it up to foreign investors to allow competition and efficiency. This is the most fundamental factor for attracting FDI because if there is no opportunity to invest in a country (other than purchasing the current operator, where that option is offered), there can be no FDI (Worldbank, 2006). By deregulating the domestic telecommunications sector, the Nigerian government predicted that this would make the telecoms markets attractive to foreign investors which was the same strategy adopted by developed nations to improve the state of their telecoms sector. The democratic government embarked on the reform of public enterprises, including privatization, within the framework of macroeconomic reform and liberalization which has been a successful strategy to attract FDI into the telecoms sector of the country (Afeikhena 2002). There was no way foreign investors would have invested in the market without the liberalisation policy which makes it the major determinant of FDI into the sector. 4.2.2 Regime type Positive improvements have taken place in Nigeria since May 29, 1999 when democracy replaced the flurry of military governments. The democratic government encouraged a number of strong-willed actions in an effort to attract foreign investors into the country (Fatoki 2006). It is obvious that during the military era, foreign firms did not have the interest of investing in Nigerias telecoms market despite the first move towards liberalizing the economy by the military government in 1992 until during the democratic era in 1999 when foreign firms entered the market the following year. Also, the involvement of the democratic government in 2000 encouraged market seeking FDI as it served as a locational advantage for telecommunication service firms to invest in Nigeria. 4.2.3 Market size and growth After the liberalisation of the sector, strategic foreign investors were drawn into Nigeria to seek new market opportunities, higher returns and diversification of risks. The failure of NITEL to meet the demand of subscribers must have influenced foreign investors been that they have prospects to gain large market share because of their knowledge, familiarity and past experiences of foreign investment in other developing countries (as the first entrants MTN and ECONET are multinational firms who have previous investment in other developing countries). With the success of the first few entrants into the sector further attracted more foreign firms into the country in subsequent years despite the perspective of Nigeria as a high-risk investment country. Theoretically, the investment incentive for market seeking FDI such as telecom firms who seek to expand their market presence by increasing their penetration in local markets is the market size and growth. These firms focus on local production and local sale (as opposed to exporting) they hereby place high emphasis on market size, market growth, and consumption ability (Na and Lightfoot 2006). As this is the case for Nigeria telecoms sector whos main aim is to serve domestic markets and become competitive in other ways-such as through proximity to the market and being able to respond to changing local circumstances and preferences (Lim 2001). Moreover, tapping the demand for services in a host country requires a physical presence when services are difficult to trade, which implies that FDI in services is likely to be market-seeking. 4.2.4 Institutional Environment Various policies and incentives were adopted by the government to attract FDI in Nigeria. Such institutional factors (as mentioned above) include the 100% foreign ownership, the NIPC, the visa policy to enable genuine foreign investors acquire entry visa to Nigeria within 48hours of submitting the required documentation, work permit in place of expatriate quota for foreign nationals, quick return on investment, rebate and tax relief provided for the local manufacture of telecommunications equipment and provision of telecommunications services. This factor directly affects business operations and has further encouraged foreign investors in Nigeria telecoms sector. 4.3 Impact of telecoms FDI on Nigerias economic growth Telecommunications in Nigeria has performed dual role as a traded service likewise a vehicle for trade in other sectors of the economy. Since the liberalization of the telecoms market in 2000, Nigeria has attracted foreign investors into the country and has been declared as one of the highest growing telecoms market in the world. Concomitant with this is the growth of the economy as a result of this inflow. The impact of the industrys FDI inflow on economic growth can be measured from various aspects but the four most important will be addressed in this section. Figure 4.6 below shows the revenue from telecoms as a percentage of GDP. There has been an increase in the revenue from telecoms as a percent of GDP between 1990 and 2008. In 1999 it was at 0.8% which continued to increase to 1.05% in 1992; it however dropped between 1993 and 1997 to 0.7%. In 1998, it increased to 1.35 and declined to 0.65% in 2000. However, the revenue from telecoms between 2001 and 2008 is very much higher than the revenue from telecoms recorded between 1990 and 2000. It increased from 1.5% in 2001 to 3.2% in 2004 but declined in 2005 to 3.1% and grew to 3.4% in 2008. 4.3.1 Telecoms FDI and employment generation. Subsequent to the entry of foreign investors into Nigerias telecom market, the sector has contributed to the economy in various ways one of which is through the generation of employment for a significant number of Nigerians. Over 3,500 people were directly employed and an estimated 400,000 indirect employment created by GSM operators in 2003. However in 2003, total subscribers of telecoms service were about 4million and approximately 59 million in 2008 which would infer that the number of direct and indirect employment created by the telecoms industry would have increased in manifolds (Mawoli, 2009). Though, in recent times no proper estimate has been made of the volume and impact of new employment creation due to this growth in the sector. Table 4.1 below (although a bit outdated as a result of unavailability of a more recent one) shows that the telecommunications sector accounts for the highest amount of employment creation in the whole economy as at 2005. However as at March 2010, the telecoms sector created a total of over 3million direct and indirect employment related to the telecoms service in the country. The telecoms sector has hereby increased employment through self finance businesses some of which include dealerships, cyber cafes, one-man phone boot operations, phone repairs, sale of accessories, GSM vendors, PR agencies, call centre employees, security personnel, etc (NCC, 2010). Based on this evidence, the fastest growing employer of labour in Nigeria is the telecommunications industry especially the wireless telephone service provider. This increase in employment is as a result of the liberalisation of the sector which was dominated by a single national telephone provider (NITEL), increase in competition among telecoms players thereby requiring more labour in order to meet the increasing demand for their services and improve the performance of the under-performing sector. Many young Nigerians who would have otherwise remained unemployed are finding steady employment in this sector. Hereby reducing the unemployment rate in the country, although it cannot be concluded that this sector has to large extent helped curb unemployment but it has created more employment in the economy. 4.3.2 Telecoms FDI and infrastructure development Since 2001, the telecommunication companies in Nigeria have jointly contributed to the development of the nations infrastructural facilities by investing billions of dollars in infrastructure deployments, network rollouts, upgrades and expansions due to the previous state of Nigerias infrastructure as highly underdeveloped. These consist mainly of fibreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ optic cables, base stations and satellite connections, transmitting traffic between cities and to other countries. To support the mobile infrastructure, operators have also embarked on building backbone networks to improve their operations. Such investments include the construction of three networks: a core telecommunication network, a transmission network, a power supply network and also bringing in skilled ICT employees (NCC, 2010). Telecoms investment has focused on infrastructure development in the fixed and mobile networks, growing subscriber base from 17.4million in 2005 to over 24.1million in 2007. A look at a specific operator illustrates the magnitude of telecom players role in the overall infrastructure and operational investment in Nigeria. MTN which is also the operator with the highest market share has invested the most in Nigeria. After the initial network rollout, which took the lions share of its revenue in 2004, MTN claims to have allocated more than 30% of its revenue to capital expenditure (capex). During this period, MTN focused its investment on building up the transmission network to substitute for the lack of established telecom infrastructure (NCC, 2010). Figure 4.7 below shows the percentage of MTNs revenue allocated to capex. In April 2009, Nigerian operators declared that $10bn in further investment is needed for network upgrades and expansion over the next 10 years. Etisalat Nigeria has a budget to invest about $2bn to build network infrastructure in Nigeria over the next three years. MTN has also secured a loan of $600million for expansion of its operations in Nigeria (NCC, 2010). MTN has received N318 ($2.15 billion) bank loan from 17 local and international banks to further expands it network capacity across the country (Nkanga, 2010). Recently, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China agreed to provide $200 million worth of credit for another telecoms company Zain Nigeria to purchase telecoms equipment (NCC, 2010). Theoretically, the efforts of these firms to expand capacity reflect the strategic rivalry between firms in the global marketplace in order to compete effectively. 4.3.3 Telecoms FDI, Technology and Knowledge Transfer Foreign investment in Nigerias telecommunications sector has introduced new technology, research projects and initiatives which have brought significant revenue and an employment boost to Nigeria. So far, most Nigerian mobile operators, such as MTN, Zain and Glo (second national carrier), have undergone a technological evolution from 2G to 2.5G and even 3G. Following Glo Mobiles entry in 2003, the operator started operating on a 2.5G network and brought to Nigeria the benefits of value added services: Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS), Glo Mobile Internet, Glo Mobile Office and Glo Fleet Manager (a vehicle tracking application that gives the subscriber the ability to track and trace equipped vehicles which is an early implementation of an M2M (machine to machine) service). Glo was also the first operator to launch mobile access to the Internet, with other 3G licensees replicating the move soon thereafter. MTN launched an HSDPA enabled 3.5G network in June 2008, while Zain launched its 3G service in early 2009. The introduction of BlackBerry handsets is another step in the transition to next generation services. The BlackBerry was launched in Nigeria by Globacom in 2006, and MTN followed suit in March 2007. The BlackBerry platform is a powerful tool for business people across Nigeria, given the patchy fixed line and Internet penetration in the country. In May 2009, Zain contributed to further popularizing the device by introducing prepaid BlackBerry service. In Nigeria, and at the overall African level, the most immediate wave of innovation will come in the form of connectivity for the growing pools of laptop and smartphone users. In addition, mobile broadband has positive effects on societies through the development of human capital. After analyzing developments in Nigeria, it can be suggested that the rollout of Internet services has positive effects on three broad aspects of the society: development, resource management and networking. Telecommunication ser vices improve social transformation in Nigeria by bringing connectivity to remote areas and to lower income strata. In less than a decade, mobile technologies have enabled network access for a large share of the countrys population, with respect to the ability of these technologies to reach remote and sparsely populated areas both faster and more cost effectively than fixed infrastructure. The transfer of technology to Nigeria has reduced the technology gap between developed nations and Nigeria which is a great step towards development which is an essential determinant of long-term economic growth (NCC, 2010). Subsequently, there has been an increase in the number of technologies and a quality improvement of Nigerias existing technologies which both play a crucial role in economic growth. Transmission of this new ideas and technologies, adoption of high technology products from more advanced economies through FDI, are channels through which technological diffusion can spread to the different sectors of the recipient economy (Toulaboe et al. 2007). Conclusion This chapter has analysed the various determinants of telecoms FDI in Nigeria and the impact of telecoms FDI on Nigerias economic growth. The determinants are liberalisation of the telecom sector, market size and growth, regime type and institutional environment. Factors such as low transaction costs, political stability and trade openness are cannot be said to be determinants of FDI in Nigerias telecom sector as operators still face a lot of challenges in the cost of setting up and maintaining their companys operations in Nigeria such as poor power supply and security, high import duties on telecoms equipments (30-70%). Though international trade in services is on the rise, the fact remains that many services such as telecommunications are non-tradable or costly to trade. And for the telecoms sector whose products to a large extent cannot be subjected to cross-border trade, the trade openness of a host country can be expected to have less of an impact on FDI inflows in that sector. This section further discussed that FDI in the telecoms sector has contributed to economic growth through the generation of employment, infrastructure development and technology/knowledge transfer. The next chapter discusses the findings and concludes the research work.