The Federal Highway Act of 1956 free essay sample

This paper discusses the role that the Federal Highway Act of 1956 played in helping to determine what shape America would take over the last half of the twentieth century. This paper examines the largest public works project of its time, the Federal Highway Act of 1956. The paper looks at the the historical events that led up to President Eisenhowers signing of the Act. It then goes on to discuss the positive impact that it would have on the U.S. economy, looking at such topics as employment, land development, travel, retail competition and lower consumer prices and freight prices. The paper then examines the negative impact the Act would have on the economy looking at such areas as mass transit, mass migration, travel and air pollution. The final are that the paper deals with is the cultural impact. The author feels that based upon their analysis of the Act, it had a fundamentally positive affect in shaping America over the past fifty years. We will write a custom essay sample on The Federal Highway Act of 1956 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The construction of this system has provided Americans with access to valuable land, which encouraged construction and development of real estate including residential, industrial and commercial. Residential properties created as a result of the interstate system most often comes in the form of single-family homes. All over the country residential areas run alongside interstate highways. The system has created a variety of commercial development including roadside businesses, such as hotels and restaurants. The interstate system also aided in the development of industrial properties including nuclear power plants.

Informative Essay Sample on Arthur Miller His Path to American Theater

Informative Essay Sample on Arthur Miller His Path to American Theater Arthur Miller was born on October 17, 1915, in Harlem, New York. The early years of Millers life did not go smoothly. Still, while having many problems with his grades, Miller was very athletic playing many sports including football, at which he excelled; he also ran track. Miller portrays this in one of his shorter works, Danger: Memory!. The two main characters in this play look back on their lives and regret much of what they did. They wonder if any good came out of their lives. Much like Miller, they do not straight out regret what they did during their lives, but do not commend themselves. Although this work displays Millers high school years very clearly without putting characters and him in the middle of regret, all of his earlier works put the characters on one side or the other (Frank 1). Miller attended Public School 29 in Harlem while he was growing up. A little later on, he moved to Harlem in the Midwood Section of New York. He then attended James Madison and Abraham Linc oln High Schools. Now that Miller is much older, he looks back on his life and regrets not trying as hard as he could in high school. Miller does not directly regret his high school years but does wish he could have tried harder. Perhaps the problem was that Miller did not know what he wanted to do with his life until after he graduated. Similarly, in Death of a Salesman, the main character, Willy Loman, has two sons who have both graduated from high school but uncertain about what to do with their lives. Miller portrays his years after high school through these two sons (Moritz 296-297). Before attending college, Miller worked for his fathers business. Shortly there after he worked in a Manhattan automobile parts warehouse and realized he wanted to do something with his life. After Miller decided what he wanted to do, he attended the University of Michigan in the Department of Drama. There he went and decided to study under Kenneth T. Rowe after reading one of his books. Millers grades from high school did not help him get to this position, but luckily he made it by his little work that he had put in. Unfortunately, Miller had to pay for a majority of his tuition because the lack of success of his fathers business. This money he earned before college was put towards his tuition. After it ran out, Miller worked for two years at the University to pay off his tuition where he washed dishes and became the night editor of the Michigan Daily. Miller also won a lot of money from substantial playwright prizes. He graduated with a bachelors degree in English (Moritz 297). He used this degree to get a job as a writer in the Federal Theater Project when he returned to New York in 1938. Although this job was a great experience for Miller, it became obsolete before any of Millers works were published. During the years of World War II, Miller wrote dramas for two programs. One of them was called Columbia Workshop and played on CBS; the other was called Cavalcade of America and was played by NBC. In the exigencies of radio writing he [Miller] learned how to handle quick shifts in time and setting and the fusing of reality and fantasy, two elements that he would carry back to his stage work. Several of the scripts he wrote suggest that from the start Miller was a moralist intent on dramatizing the redemptive power of an individuals refusal to cooperate with corruption. (Moritz 297) With these writing jobs, Miller had two part time jobs; he drove truck and was a steamfitter in the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Miller escaped the draft because of and injury he got in his high school years playing football. Since Miller was not drafted, he was sent to army camps to observe and gather information for The Story of GI Joe. The producers that sent Miller only used a little of his information. Reynal published the better parts of Millers report and gave it the title Situation Normal in 1944 (Moritz 297-298). Millers only novel he wrote was published a year later by the same publishing house. However, people did not like reading Millers works as much as they liked seeing them on stage. Although Millers plays were often huge hits on Broadway, Miller did have a few works that were not great successes or a success at all, even though many of his works won him awards and much fame. Millers first play that made the stage of Broadway was The Man Who Had All the Luck. This was one of his less successful works. Playing in November of 1944, it stopped playing after four performances. After this play, Miller decided to change his type of writing to adapt of the realistic theater of that time. Millers next Broadway play brought him the New York Drama Circle Award for the 1946-1947 season after 300 performances (Moritz 297-298). Miller was brought up Jewish by his parents, Isidore and Augusta Miller. This Jewish upbringing contributed significantly to his style of writing. Miller often ties in religion with his works. Many characters will often attend church and talk about God. Isidore was a clothing manufacture and came from Austria-Hungary. His father, often-called Barnett was a public school teacher and was native born. After Miller was old enough to decide what he wanted to believe in, he broke off from Judaism. Millers mother was more the sensitive type and knew more about the culture Miller was growing up in that his father. Millers father was referred to as a gruff entrepreneur. Miller had an older brother named Kermit and a younger sister named Joan (Moritz 296). Besides being a teacher, Millers father also owned his own business. This business was not much of a success. In Death of Salesman, Willy Loman has the exact situation; he has trouble keeping his business going. Miller worked for his dad before his college years and strongly disliked the way people treated his father. This play is one of Millers favorite works because it is semiauto-biographical (Moritz 297). Miller decided to take a break after his play A View from the Bridge was released in 1955. This break lasted for nine years because of some writing problems. These problems came from some unfortunate situations in his life. In 1956, Miller and his first wife, Mary Grace Slattery, got a divorce. During the same year, Miller was charged for contempt in the court for not giving names of former left-wing associates to the House Un-American Activities Committee. Miller was later cleared of this charge. Soon after Miller was divorced, he married the actress Marilyn Monroe. During Millers marriage, he released the movie The Misfits in 1960. After five years of this marriage, the two were divorced. After their divorce in 1961, Miller married a photographer, Inge Morath, who was born in Austria. Together they wrote a book called In Russia, which described their trip through the Soviet Union. After Millers third marriage, Miller wrote the play After the Fall. This play describes a man who will not marry for a third time. Although Miller denies that he purposely related this book to his marriage, there are obvious connections. The man in this play eventually finds a way by confronting himself. Miller claims that he wanted to demonstrate the individuals part in the evil he sees and abhors. Many people do believe Miller was talking about his past. This controversy actually helped the play make its way (Moritz 298). Another example of Miller relating his works to his life is the many complications that go on in the aging salesmans life Death of a Salesman. Miller directly relates himself to the salesman Willy Loman. Willy is not the normal person in the world today, but rather an annoying, down-on-his luck man. He is not so abnormal that nobody can relate to him but rather so close to the average person that many people can relate to some of his struggles (Riley and Harte 279). Willy Loman feels that he is a failure as a father. Being the father of two selfish sons, he struggled with suicide for a long time. However, nobody knows for sure if Miller was ever struggling with suicide through his life full of problems. Through this book, Miller does a great job of relating to a salesmans life, even though he had no connection with any salesmen before writing this book. This play was an incredibly written drama. It doesnt seem as if this play was written but rather a real life story. It has so many r eal life situations and many of them are unavoidable in our lives today. Miller really turned peoples views toward the theater. This play is a drama that will never be forgotten (Atkinson 1-2). Charles Moritz says, It took Miller only six weeks to write the masterpiece that had been germinating in him so long and which some theater critics and historians regard as the great American play: Death of a Salesman, a tragedy about hollow values, personal and social (298). Death of a Salesman played in 1949 and played at the Morosco Theater where it showed 742 times. It won Miller the Pulitzer Prize and a New York Drama Critics Circle Award. This play that people are still reading five decades later was made into a movie in 1952 and again a few years later (Moritz 298). Miller also relates his problems to a story of lies through The Crucible. This play was considered to be one of Millers greatest works. It played for seven months starting in January of 1953. This play won Miller the Tony Award. There is a lot of truth but also partly false when comparing the Salem witch hunts with those of the McCarthy Communist hunts. The Crucible is repetitious but overall is well done. By watching or reading the first few chapters of The Crucible, many will understand how Miller was at the top of the list in popularity for a social dramatist. He was at the top over the whole world partly because of how he only uses liberal ideas in all of his works. Many other dramatists dealt with dangerous ideas (Riley and Harte 280). Although Miller is very liberal, he stands apart from the contemporary, liberal dramatists in the U.S. As Miller got older he started to use more symbols as he got more experience (Moritz 297). Miller has a consistency in his works; there is a thematic lack of community. A great example of this is Millers play called Incident at Vichy. This piece of work gained faith that Miller lost over his nine-year absence from the playwright world. The faith Miller gained helped him get elected to be the president of a writing club. Several months after this election in 1995, Miller turned down an invitation to the White House to attend the signing of the Arts and Humanities Act (Moritz 299). As Miller ages, he still is very critical towards the theater. He specifically puts down the theater of New York. Miller believes the prices are too high and that the theater is missing adventure. This lowered the middle class population in the New York Theater. Some people blame this on the increasing films, television and pop music. Although Miller does not believe this is the reason, he believes the word is far more important than the picture (Dusted Off, Old†¦ 2). Miller also criticizes Broadway and many other plays and playwrights. Miller calls Broadway irrelevant but enjoyable and nice (Hofler 1-2). Miller was unhappy with the way people responded to some of his works. Miller shows his frustration by quoting, I already had one child, and I couldnt see myself going on writing play after play and getting absolutely nowhere. I sat down†¦ to write a play about which nobody could say to me, as they had with all the other plays, What does this mean? or I dont understand that (Moritz 298). Not all of Millers works brought these questions. As theater, Danger: Memory! Is gray, too, resolutely resisting the efforts of a high-powered cast to inject drama. While the plays are meant to be casual, theyve been staged in the intimate Newhouse Theater. The writing is studied and ponderous. Mr. Miller seems to have begun with his themes and conceits, then worked backward to fashion (and diminish) his characters to fit the predetermined patter (Frank 1). The two plays of this boo have different settings and different stories. The plays do have a lot in common. Both plays have common tones and consist of specific, common metaphors and both have the same key prop, a phonograph record. This helps the authors message, but does not help the naturalness on the stage. Another similarity is a simple case of amnesia comes over one of the main characters in both plays. Leonora, in I Cant Remember Anything, cannot recall simple things. She questions the value of her own existence. In Clara, the father, or Mr. McMillan, cannot remember any evidence or clues to help the police officers. He slowly recalls some things to help solve the case of his murdered daughter but still cannot bring up everything (Frank 1-2). In an interview in July of 2000, Miller tells how it is hard to write political plays now because of the absence of a single cataclysmic event threatening us. Miller also commented on terrorist attacks and called them a war against humanity. He explained terrorists as people who are angry at life and desire to kill (Dusted Off, Old†¦ 1). Miller is known to speak in a precise, unhurried manner. Miller is also known to be alert, intense and watchful. Miller is a tall man and is described as angular, rangy and having an outdoor quality. He is described to put together his shyness with a great sense of himself. Miller was called a storyteller who is a simple man and has a great memory. He is commended for being concerned with people and ideas. He has a great mind with much wonder (Moritz 299).

Leave a Message

Leave a Message What are the most important things in your life? Nowadays, whatever you are going to tell about – your life, celebrities’ private life, politics, literature or a notice of the day – may take you not more than 140 symbols, and #twitter proves it perfectly. We can more or less easily describe ourselves in 4 words, find our 3 top best features or 2 things we hate about people and choose one dream to come true†¦ Recently different funny twitter marathons became popular like #ReplaceALetterRuinATvShow or #RuinAWeddingIn5Words. They were full of creativity and fun.  IMHO such limits teach us to think and to pick catchy words from our vocabulary to express what we want and make other people pay attention to our voices, to listen to us, to follow us and, hopefully, re-tweet us. The same with the famous #elevatorpitch: imagine you were dreaming to realize the project of your life and only one person can help you, but it is so difficult to reach him or her. Suddenly you meet this person in the elevator (finally!) and you have an opportunity to attract him or her with your fabulous idea: take a chance but you have only one minute.  It reminded one story I have read once on the Internet about one professor and his stuffed jar: Practice What You Preach â€Å"The professor walks into a classroom and sets a glass jar on the table. He puts 2-inch rocks in the jar until no more can fit. He asks the class if the jar is full and they agree it is. Then, he pulls out a pile of beans, adding them to the jar, shaking it slightly until they fill the spaces between the rocks. He asks again if the jar is full, and they agree. So next, he adds a scoop of sand to the jar, filling the space between the beans and asks the question again. Then he grabs a pitcher of water and fills the jar to the brim, saying, â€Å"If this jar is your life, what does this experiment show you?†. Then he looks out at the class and says, â€Å"The rocks represent the BIG things in your life – what you will value at the end of your life – your family, your partner, your health, fulfilling your hopes and dreams. The beans are the other things in your life that give it meaning, like your job, your house, your hobbies, your friendships. The sand and water represent the ‘small stuff’ that fills our time. Can you see what would happen if I started with the sand or the beans?†Ã‚  It is very important to remember about BIG things and find proper words to leave your message to the world.   The popularity of #socialmedia makes me think of the power of a letter, the power of each word. How careful we have to be with our expressions, sayings, posts and tweets living during the time when a word is a weapon and the Internet is an information battlefield.

Comparison of US and China patterns of trade Essay

Comparison of US and China patterns of trade - Essay Example In 2012, the trade in private services and goods between the U.S. and China totaled to $579 billion. In that year, trade between the two partners (U.S. and China) represented a total of $141 billion of exports and $439 billion of total imports. As at 2014, China was America’s second greatest trading partner. In 2013, China was the third-largest export market for the U.S. In that year, 2013, China remained the greatest goods supplier of imports to the U.S. there was a recorded trade deficit of $318.4 billion for U.S. goods trade with China in 2013. America’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in 2012 amounted to $51.4 billion according to data by the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (2014). Based on the assessment, China is the leading exporter of manufactured goods to various nations in the global context such as EU and the United States, just ahead of the America and Germany. Many business practitioners believe that Chinese manufacturers experience direct competition against corporations in North America and the European Union. In the course of examining and exploring this skeptical aspect, it is vital to analyze the product components of trades from China before comparing it with the product components of trades from the US and EU. Business entities and nations have the tendency to adopt and integrate the concept of differentiation in addressing demands and needs of the consumers. In this context, there tends to be diversity in the mode and mechanism towards the achievement of the goals and targets. China focuses on exporting various products such as iron and steel, pharmaceuticals, office and telecom equipment. Besides, China transacts on automobiles, machinery, textiles, and clothing.

Economics The Industrial Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics The Industrial Revolution - Essay Example Most integrally local owners could now sell and trade nationally; however, that required them to now think on a national level. That rapid conceptual expansion could not be contained within the mind of even the most industrious and intelligent business owner. As a result the birth of the modern office is concomitant with the occurrence of the Industrial Revolution. The owner now had to employ people to do portions of the thinking for him or her. This meant increased bureaucracy and new methods of control had to be quickly established in order to make sure the different parts of the new business mind, decentralized and no longer localized in the head of one individual, could function efficiently. The second important feature of the Industrial Revolution is the creation of the factory system, as mass production became necessary and required to function on this national level; factories, characteristically structured and stratified, required new "scientific management" strategies in ord er maintain efficiency and increase profit margins as costs could easily spiral out of control in the attempt to keep up with production. This paper will briefly analyze the nature of the office and the rise of scientific management as two fundamental effects of the Industrial Revolution on business organization and operation. The rise of the modern office was a necessar

Promote Communication in Health, Social Care Essay Example for Free

Promote Communication in Health, Social Care Essay 1, 1.1 People communicate for many different reasons. They can consist of portraying emotions, pain or opinions. Communication between colleagues is essential to the continuity of care for the service user, and the staffs are aware of the current needs of the service user. Communicating can resolve conflict, avoid cultural misunderstandings, solve problems develop good relations with others. 1, 1.2 Communication is a fundamental relationship-building skill in the workplace. If people dont communicate well they limit their ability to connect on any meaningful level and, at the extreme, can create conflict. Positive communication skills like listening, open-ended questions, calm tone of voice and I statements help bring people together because they are behaviours that lead to creating relationships. Workplace relationships also become a lot stronger when people can clearly and effectively communicate what they need and allow others to do the same. Read more:  Identify the different reasons people communicate  essay 2, 2.2 The factors of promoting effective communication can be verbal, non verbal the environment. The tone or pitch, language of your voice is a verbal factor. If you are talking to a child you may talk in simply terms, lower yourself to their level and speak slower to ensure good communications. Eye contact, facial hand gestures body language are all factors of non verbal communication. Facial and hand gestures, are subject to the situation. A smile and perhaps a hand on their shoulder is a polite friendly way to communicate to a child. Whereby frowning and waving your arms as if you’re annoyed would be detrimental to the Childs feelings. communication. If you were communicating with a child there was noise as this could distract them. 3, 3.1 Communication can be slightly different when using it with other people from different backgrounds. Communication can be interpreted in different ways by different people, this is because they may not speak English, if from a  different country, or they may not understand you. This is also a barrier to communication. . E.g. Italians are traditionally very verbal when they use speech they use their hands to gesture to make their points. Indian people are quiet and reverent they don’t use gestures like Italians 3, 3.2 Not making communication aids available or checking they are working, a noisy environment, not understanding or being aware of an individual’s needs, wishes, beliefs, values and culture, a lack of privacy, an uncomfortable environment e.g. lighting, temperature, different language, use of jargon. 3, 3.5 There are a number of services that can be accessed to support communication. These include: †¢ Interpreters †¢ Translators †¢ Signers †¢ Advocators There is also a range of specialist equipment. These include: †¢ Induction loops †¢ Braille embossers and printers †¢ Makaton Each local government body should provide Language Support Services, which will include British Sign Language interpreters, deaf blind interpreters, lip speakers/readers, and note takers. These services can be utilised by educational and health services through a booking system. Each local authority educational department also has access to a team of support specialists including speech and language therapists. Support can also be found on the internet through various specialist websites, including: †¢ The British Deaf Society †¢ The National Blind Children’s Society Support can also be found on the internet by use of a search engine. In my role i would access these service via our control room. Local health clinics and libraries will also provide information on how to access help and support. 4, 4.1 Confidentiality means not sharing information about people without their knowledge and agreement, and ensuring that written and electronic information cannot be accessed or read by people who have no reason to see it. 4, 4.3 The potential tension between maintaining a individuals confidentiality and disclosing concerns is that the individual may feel they can no longer trust the care worker, and cause the individual to withhold future concerns they may have. Another tension between the two is that if the care worker choose not to disclose the information that has been passed to them that might be putting the individual in danger, the care worker in no longer fur filling their duty of care to that individual and may result in future incidents that might of been avoided, the care worker may also have the stress of holding that concern and wondering whether or not to disclose it.

The Failure and Rebirth of Burmese Nationalism Essay -- International

All people in the world strive to find a sense of belonging. This sense is coupled with ethnic identities, cultural customs, and social implications. The groups that inhabit the corner of the world, now known as Myanmar, have had great struggles and upheavals through the last century. They have been stricken with World War, independence struggles, as well as military dictatorship. The Burmese groups have tried with diligence to establish their own states, but in the end all has fallen upon them and their tale is one of grief and sadness. The failure of Burmese nationalist movement is through the conflicting interests of the world, the clashes between Burmese ideology, and the differences of ethnic acceptance. However badly the movement failed, a new movement has taken form and is a blossoming root of hope for the millions of Burmese living in poverty today. The area in Southeast Asia that contains Burma today has been a place of human life for millennium. Leaders came and went, and the usual cycle of empires, kings, and regimes passed over the people of Burma. The scene of nationalistic fervor, however, starts after the takeover of Burma by the British through the entirety of the nineteenth century (Badertscher). Like always, â€Å"the British began to permeate the ancient Burmese culture with foreign elements†, thus starting the colonial period of Burma’s history and of struggles to resist such control (â€Å"Burma†). Using a divide and conquer strategy, British command authorized minorities like the Karen group of Burmese to be â€Å"in the military and in local rural administrations† (â€Å"Burma†). This way they built resentment that is still apparent in many cases today. The nationalist movements present globally in the nineteenth and twent... ...artin, Patricia. "Aung San Suu Kyi." Aung San Suu Kyi (2011): 1. MAS Ultra - School Edition. Web. 10 Apr. 2012. "Nothing New But the Name." The Economist 20 Oct. 1990. Student Research Center. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. . Pittman, Todd, and Aye Aye Win. "Myanmar Elections: Aung San Suu Kyi, Opposition Leader, Wins Parliament Seat." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 01 Apr. 2012. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. . Steinberg, David I. Burma, the State of Myanmar. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown UP, 2001. Print. "The History of Burma." Canadian Friends of Burma. Web. 10 Apr. 2012. .

Reading Response to Ode to a Nightingale

In Ode to a Nightingale Keats introduces the reader to his discontent with the void of feeling he is experiencing. In the first line Keats says how his, â€Å"heart aches† which the reader would interpret as pain; however the second half of the first line he describes, â€Å"A drowsy numbness†. This tells me that Keats is uncomfortable with the â€Å"numbness† he experiences. In the second line Keats says, â€Å"as though of hemlock I had drunk†. Norton foot notes tell us that hemlock is a poison that acts as a tranquilizer in mild doses.Sedatives cause a euphoria that could be described as â€Å"drowsy numbness†. In the first line Keats repeats the A sound with â€Å"aches, and a drowsy numbness pains†. In the second line Keats repeats the H sound with â€Å"Hemlock I had drunk†. This alliteration and assonance creates a sort of euphoric musical quality, further emphasizing Keats’ chemically induced lack of feeling described. C ontinuing with the idea of drug induced emptiness in the third line Keats speaks of â€Å"some dull opiate to the drains†.Also continuing the use of assonance Keats repeats the D sound with â€Å"emptied some dull opiate to the drains†. Again the feeling produced by this repetition mimics the numb sway of a high. However this line is still more obvious than the first two because Keats mentions â€Å"opiate† which is a much more well-known drug that produces a numb sort of euphoria. The fourth line of the poem introduces a new dynamic to the first stanza. Keats says, â€Å"Lethe-wards had sunk:† Norton tells us that Lethe is a mythological river in Hades that causes forgetfulness.With this line Keats’ intention in the first stanza can be expanded from a euphoric void of feeling to one that causes him to forget. Because of this and Keats’ later references to intoxication (see stanza 2) as well as references to death (see stanza 3) the reader c ould infer that Keats’ desired the forgetful, euphoric, lack of feeling. Though Keats opens the poem in line one with â€Å"My heart aches† one could debate just how much his heart really aches.

Architecture, as a science must be associated with mathematical logic and reasoning

‘Architecture, as a science must be associated with mathematical logic and reasoning, lest it is identified as a non-exact science like the visual arts’ (Allen, 2000, p 7). Just like the exact sciences, biology and physics, wherein formulated hypotheses can be tested over and over again through experiments in generally controlled environments; architecture is tested through a very different method. In architecture, hypotheses, in the form of design ideas and concepts are reflected in drawings and representations which are in turn, balanced by mathematical equations.However, the process can only be repeated once. The reasons, which are quite obvious, pertain to the unavailability of a vast range of resources. The ultimate outcome can be a structure, encompassing and infinite, in the form of a design space or built-environment. Drawings are a very important aspect of architecture. An architect’s or artist’s ideas and concepts are translated in such using the principles of perspective, vanishing point, viewpoint, tracing, orthographic and isometric projections, and the likes.To start with, there is already difficulty transcribing an idea into a physical drawing. From the drawing in pen and paper into a live, standing and habitable building or structure poses the biggest challenge of all for the proponents. Architects must be very careful in minimizing the deviation of each component from the other. ‘Thus, there is always an attempt to relate the abstract realm of geometry with the material stuff of the building’ (as cited in Petrescu, 2007, p 93). What might have been conceived may not be drawn accordingly and consequently, may not totally materialize into reality.‘Strict observance of the principles in perspective is fostered in that non-linear lines are edited out’ (Petrescu, 2007, p 102). Tracing, as one method of drawing, showcasing a beautiful conglomeration of artists’ and architects’ works, is a kind of copying from something that is already there. It is primarily based on outlines, thus the term, â€Å"outline loving†. Orthographic drawings on the other hand are comprised by some of the basic architectural drawings namely elevations, plans, sections, and the likes. Perspective drawing enables the viewer or audience to experience both fore- and back- grounds.It was even believed that perspective portrays a narrative history through which the past and present are crossed. ‘In this reference, perspective serves as a time check: ordering, surveying, and recreating the past from the viewpoint of the present’ (Allen, 2000, p 7). Some principles govern perspective drawing namely the convergence of parallel lines into the centric point and the apparent decrease in distance between equidistant transverse lines could be determined by geometric method. Interference is introduced, with changes in scale, sampling and decontextualising, distortion and overlays.O n the other hand, vanishing points and viewpoints, which are interrelated, affirm an ideal viewing distance between the observer and the building, in spite of the offer of different angles and perception. ‘Enfilade, an architectural spatial connection technique, is defined as the alignment of the centrelines of doorways or openings to a series of spaces’ (Goldschimdt, 2004, p 17). It has been widely used in photography, and associated with one-point perspective; however, the result of a visible depth even in the presence of compressed physical distances is commendable.A plan provides a description of a whole, if only in two dimensions – a series of equidistant spaces or openings will be translated into a compressed image by an experienced architect who has a trained eye. The drawings are non-predictive for the conditions and the end results are case-sensitive. An architectural drawing may or may not be authored by only one person. ‘In a false-etymology, to â€Å"de-sign† becomes the collaborative efforts of a team of architects and artists’ (Petrescum 2007, p 100).But when the orthographic drawing had been made, this appears to be created by a single hand although amendments and comments by the team may be indicated by the hasty notes and markings on the drawing. Evans (1997) suggests that the modality of conventional architectural drawing is an expression of the perceived equivalence of wall and paper, with the drawing acting as both surface and veil for authored intentions in a manner readily transferrable into a building (as cited in Callicott, 2001).This explicit advantage poses as a disadvantage as well, in that drawings can possibly mask the realization of a great building through inherent constraints. As cited in Petrescu (2007), Evans noted that the architectural drawing is not simply a reductive and failed representation (or â€Å"pre-presentation† since the drawing is usually prior to its object) of a bu ilding-to-be but is also an operator. (p. 93). The transaction between the two components is vital as both can be considered communication tools. ‘The underside of drawings reveals its materiality but they are unlooked or unread’ (Petrescu, 2007, p 102).Architectural drawings supposedly communicate the architect’s idea to the builder, but historically this actually caused separation. ‘Any type of drawing, orthographic or isometric, which is constructed of real proportional dimensions and relative coordinates cannot provide the designer any insight into the qualities of appearance to the subjective viewer’ (Goldschimdt, 2004, p 16). Even when designers are endowed with exceptional experience in the matter, the physical manifestation of an abstract representation is still questionable. Indeed, there is a great disjunction between drawings and buildings.The drawing (almost an accumulated partial representations), from which all else emanates, disappears with the onset of construction. Allen (2000) states ‘that the capacities and logics of drawing are necessarily distinct from the potentials of construction; practice disrupts the easy characterization of drawing as the realm of absence and building as the realm of presence’ (p 6). The abstract realm of representation and geometry, the initial phases of any architectural process, should be perfected as well as the physical aspect – that is the building phase. Architecture is not the only science justified through geometry.It is likewise useful to pin down music properly to its visual harmonics. ‘Cosmological, religious and philosophical consonances were played out on the basis of geometry of space and its relation to an idealized body’ (Allen, 2000, p 7). An important example showcasing the sensitivity of the relationship between drawings and buildings is the Pavilion of 1929 by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. ‘It is an architectural icon, not only b ecause it is seductive and much copied, but also because it has most often been perceived in conditions similar to that of the artwork’ (Hill, 2001 p 66).Unlike most of Mies’ works, the Pavilion, now popularly called Barcelona Pavilion, recognised as to have a horizontal symmetry, does not focus on landscape. The imagined symmetry no longer exists because the horizontal bypasses and cuts the vertical planes in the form of a physical plane. The Pavilion was widely known even through photographs from 1930 to 1986 until its reconstruction as an exhibit, gallery, and historical monument – the reason for the discontinuance of its display to the public.Whether the building was taken in black and white or coloured photographs, there is no great difference because as was conceived by the designer, it reflected vision, and not any or all of the senses. ‘Smaller buildings with emphasis on the horizontal plane, wherein the top and bottom are symmetrical with respect to the horizon, is also commendable such that the â€Å"floating† ceiling planes above and the grid of the floor pavers below are distanced equally from the eye level of the average viewer’ (Goldschmidt, 2004, p 16).As cited in Hill (2001), ‘Mies’ architecture is formulated by representations rather than by plastic realities and the goal of projection as an empty space was successfully transcribed into the Pavilion’ (p 66). Water lilies abound in the reconstructed building, although as studies suggest, their presence was unintentional. As an embodiment of the ideals and principles of a locality, the Pavilion is more just than an attribution to Germany. It is the relationship with the general surroundings and Barcelona as well as the association with international modernism that makes the Pavilion a big hit.Another characteristic of great architecture is the will to triumph over the tricky unbalancing relationship between rationality and aesthetic. M ies, one of the great modernists, had won over this battle in his design of the Pavilion, imploring the use of skinny little I-beams suspended in mid-air. Evans (1997) noted ‘that some of the finest detailing of the modern movement was displayed by the immaculate lines and cruciform columns of the German Pavilion – columns that are notorious for their structural sleight of the hand’. He also noted that the perception of light and depth as exhibited by the Pavilion is admirable.The Hubbe House in Magdeburg designed in 1935 by Mies is also of special interest because of the treatment of the outdoor and indoor areas as illusory; nature could be easily replaced by a photomontage. Over the time, the types and techniques of drawing have changed. Increasing exponentially, drawings used by architects are not only confined to the â€Å"footprint† of a building or its elevations. A discourse on whether perspective is truly an equivalent of the â€Å"sight† or merely a conventional representation based on the West had been raised. Computer-aided machines (CAM) can do lots of things with just a click of a finger.This compensates for the difficulty of traditional drawing and traditional palette to translate the proposed and desired outcome. Traditional palette may not be realistically portrayed in the building from the drawing (or even from the imagination). Evans related that unlike the visual arts, to which architecture is closely associated with, the former is product-directed while the latter needs to utilize a medium – drawings. The technology of building materials is always and never a step ahead or behind drawing techniques.There is always a discrepancy which may be caused by the changes in the shape of the materials, i.e. deformation or phase change. This is where the ultimate problem arises. ‘The most intense activity is the construction and manipulation of the final artefact, the purpose of preliminary studies to giv e sufficient definition for final work to begin, not to provide a complete determination in advance, as in architectural drawing’ (as cited in Cunningham, 1998, p 9). According to Allen (2000), ‘to pay close attention to the transactions between the culture of drawing and the discipline of building, the architect must simultaneously inhabit both worlds’ (p.6).Computers are deemed useful in almost any undertaking of a project in line with almost any profession; architecture is not a stranger to this. The most complicated structure and built environments that are seen standing today have not denied the vital role that had been performed by computers. However, engineers confirm an avenue for a â€Å"low technology† in the building and engineering world for sketching will always be a big part of communicating the design language to the participants of the process.‘It is crucial in accessing the body of tacit knowledge on which the profession depends†™ (Callicott, 2001, p 61). It is therefore confirmed that in the practice of architecture and engineering, the need for employing high technology is very much just the same as that of low technology. One moral imperative for an architect besides evoking that architecture is a symbol of its time, buildings and structures should reflect the spirit of the age. In the time of modernism, architecture has been described as less in design and material and more in functionality and efficiency.Rampant and popular issues governing a current time period may be well reflected into architecture not only through its design but also in its building techniques and materials. The growing concern for the conservation of the environment and its natural resources may be a responsible consideration addressed in design. The common trends in urban and modern architecture are summarized in its tag line â€Å"folds and bends†. Traditional drawing techniques like perspective and orthographic project ions may no longer be enough for such aspirations exhibiting utmost complexity.Technology is architecture’s gauge, guiding or misguiding it to the future, to either progress or regress. â€Å"Landscape urbanism† was a term coined by Charles Waldheim that describes the practices of designers who replaced architecture as the primary medium in city-making. ‘It is like interstitial discipline that operates in the spaces between buildings, infrastructural systems, natural ecologies which advocates worthy attention for the marginal spaces’ (Waldheim, p 59).It bridges the gaps between structures by preparing the ground and extending the functionality and efficiency of the buildings and its surrounding spaces like the strategic open parks and walkways aesthetically arranged with landscape components. Contemporary urban landscapes maximize the functionality of the open spaces to compensate for the commercial value of land in the city; unlike before, formal themes o f landscape designs in the urban were spacious and lack immediate purpose. The development of urban forms is explained by Conzen through the use of concepts such as fringe belt and burgage cycle.The former is characterized by a land initially occupied by large sites having low access to commercial space, which finally, transforms it (land) into a full-fledge built-up area. ‘The progressive filling-in of plots with buildings, leading to a climax phase of maximum coverage and, ultimately, the clearance of plots preparatory to redevelopment describes the latter’ (Whitehand & Larkham, 1992, p 6). There is a certain hierarchy in which the urban forms namely town plan, building forms, and land use is arranged within the plots or land-use units and consequently, converged to form the general framework of the town.Urban landscape cells, the smallest conglomeration of the morphologically homogenous areas that are composed of the site and the above mentioned forms, complex to for m urban landscape units. Several features of urban landscape i. e. high-tech corridors, festival settings and pedestrian shopping malls are associated with post-modernism. The latter is noted to be undergoing widespread economic restructuring, including architectural manifestations.The study of urban forms that comprise the urban landscapes is essential not only in shaping these landscapes but also for future urban planning and architecture. The design and layout of former towns, evident in the existing buildings and structures, provide information on how future ones will be established and managed. Continuity in function and elements is revealed specifically on same sites even of different time periods. Whitehand and Larkham (1992) used Worcester, a cathedral town with a complex multi-phase plan as an example to demonstrate this point.The central sites, which are prone to redevelopment, allow for road construction and widening. To analyze the evolution of a certain town, a combinat ion of the surviving elements of a not-so-distant urban landscape as well as cartographic, documentary and archaeological evidences are important. Although the towns and plan units are not permanent and vary through a towns and periods, a certain parallelism can indeed be derived. As was concluded, this is essential in making future planning and designing of towns.

Journaling and Stress & Coping essays

Journaling and Stress & Coping essays Now a days it is inevitable that life is full of some type of stressful event. In making everyday observations of people, one would notice that some people handle stress much better and others cannot handle stress at all. The question is what makes it easier for one person to let go of frustrations and harder for others. There are many methods that are readily available for a person to use to assist them in handling stress better. Some examples are art therapy, pet therapy, comic relief, Tai chi, meditation, exercise, and eating healthy. Any of these can be helpful in successfully managing stress, however zoning into what causes the problem and doing what would best work for your situation would be the most helpful. Communication is by and large a common problem among people. For me, communicating my emotions and feelings causes me to keep anger bottled inside. In turn this causes me to become even more stressed in difficult situations. My method of resolving this problem is journali ng. Journaling is a series of written passages based on personal events, thoughts, feelings, memories, and perceptions of a persons life (Seaward, 2004). It can be an effective tool to record our honest thoughts, feelings, and beliefs without another individual passing judgment on us. There are several different methods of journaling that can be useful to release built in anger and frustrations. I have found that for me it has enabled me to communicate how I feel after reading what I have written. Journaling, like meditation, is a useful tool in clearing your mind of thoughts that are lingering or bothering you. On a good day, when thoughts are running freely, a person can get a sense of relief or calming within themselves when the words are transferred from ones mind to the paper. Although there are few studies that explore the effectiveness of journaling, it has shown to be meaningful in e ...

Advantages and the disadvantages of magistrates and jurors

In this essay I intend to evaluate the effectiveness of lay personnel and the advantages and the disadvantages of magistrates and jurors. Lay members (Magistrates) have legal advisers within points of law and live locally as they have to live close so that they know the area well. Also it is cheaper to send cases to lay magistrates than using professional judges because they are cheaper and do their work voluntarily. Many magistrates are from a good gender balance; this can benefit them because they are able to understand males and females. Lay magistrates are not legally qualified which doesn’t aid them as they could give an incorrect sentence when someone is actually innocent. They are not as good as cross section, as most magistrates are often perceived as being middle-aged and middle-class. Also they prosecute biased, as they believe the police too soon; there fore they could be sentencing someone innocent. Moreover there is an inconsistency in sentencing, so offenders in different areas are sentenced for different lengths of times for the same offence. Magistrates come from a ride range of backgrounds than professional judges and are much older then district judges. Lay magistrates get paid a ‘stipe’ which is called a â€Å"stipend† thus the term stipendiary comes from. District judges sit in the county and magistrate’s court; an additional name for district judges is stipendiary judges. Lay magistrates are not legally qualified and do not get paid, where as stipendiary magistrates are legally qualified and get paid for there job. The advantages of having jury service are that the legal system becomes more open and justice is seen to be done as members of the public aim to get fair results and they are made without bias. It also helps to keep the law clearer as points have to be explained to the jury, enabling the defendant to understand the case more easily. For the jury service there is public confidence and it is an open system of justice they are also considered to be a fundamental part of a democratic society. The jury services are free from pressure during discussions and are protected from outside influences when deciding on the verdict. Although there is a lot of media influence and reporting information, which can mean that, the decision can be manipulated. Other disadvantages of having the jury service can be that they may be a case of racial bias. In conclusion there are many advantages and disadvantages of both magistrates and juries, which are that there is public confidence, fair results without being bias and juries represent the public as a whole, this means that they are a fundamental part of a democratic society. On the other hand the disadvantage of magistrates is that there is a lot of media influence and there is also racial bias.

COMMUNISM, MARIXSM AND CAPITALISM Research Paper

COMMUNISM, MARIXSM AND CAPITALISM - Research Paper Example The productions occur under the private owners and they themselves make the investment. They are the ones who are also the eventual receivers of all the profits that are generated. The laborers work on fixed salaries and do not hold a share in the profits generated. The purpose of the manufacture of goods that is production is mainly directed not towards the greater good but only purpose of providing profits for the owners. The owners in capitalism enjoy the rights of having hold over their property along with the decisions as to whether what they wish to do with the property. Also all the profits that are produced on their property go in their hands. Capitalism is considered to be a booming factor for economic growth but it is believed that it is due to capitalism that there is unequal distribution of the wealth. This is because all the profits mainly go in the hands of the private owners and hence they are the ones who mainly benefit from capitalism. Marxism on the other hand is an other form of economic and social governance which was presented by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.